The Index of Prohibited Books on This Day in History

 

This Day In History: The Vatican announces the abolition of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum ("index of prohibited books") on this day in 1966. The Index was a list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Sacred Congregation of the Index (a former Dicastery of the Roman Curia), and Catholics were forbidden to read them.

There were attempts to ban heretical books throughout church history, notably in the ninth-century Decretum Glasianum; the Index of Prohibited Books of 1560 banned thousands of book titles and blacklisted publications, including the works of Europe's intellectual elites. The 20th and final edition of the index appeared in 1948, and the Index was formally abolished on 14 June 1966 by Pope Paul VI.

The Index condemned religious and secular texts alike, grading works by the degree to which they were seen to be repugnant to the church. The aim of the list was to protect church members from reading theologically, culturally, or politically disruptive books. Such books included works by astronomers, such as the German Johannes Kepler's Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae (published in three volumes from 1618 to 1621), which was on the Index from 1621 to 1835, works by philosophers, such as the Prussian Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, and editions and translations of the Bible that had not been approved. Editions of the Index also contained the rules of the Church relating to the reading, selling, and preemptive censorship of books.

Noteworthy figures on the Index include Simone de Beauvoir, Nicolas Malebranche, Jean-Paul Sartre, Michel de Montaigne, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Victor Hugo, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, André Gide, Nikos Kazantzakis, Emanuel Swedenborg, Baruch Spinoza, Desiderius Erasmus, Immanuel Kant, David Hume, René Descartes, Francis Bacon, Thomas Browne, John Milton, John Locke, Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Blaise Pascal, and Hugo Grotius. The first woman to be placed on the list was Magdalena Haymairus in 1569, who was listed for her children's book Die sontegliche Episteln über das gantze Jar in gesangsweis gestellt (Sunday Epistles on the whole Year, put to the test). Contrary to a popular misconception, Charles Darwin's works were never included.

The History and Mystery of Alchemy is now available on Amazon...and it is only 99 cents.

The Obscene Lady Chatterley's Lover on This Day in History

 

https://amzn.to/3BvO6Un

"Good authors too who once knew better words, now only use four-letter words writing prose. Anything goes."~Cole Porter

This Day in History: Penguin Books is found not guilty of obscenity in the trial R v Penguin Books Ltd, the Lady Chatterley's Lover case, on this day in 1960. Lady Chatterley's Lover is one of those books best known for the controversy surrounding it than for the literary merit of the book. In fact, it may be the most banned book ever. 

"It’s hard to imagine what a stir 'Lady Chatterley’s Lover' caused in the late 1920s when Lawrence had it privately published and began mailing copies abroad. Governments around the world immediately banned the novel. Some booksellers caught selling it were jailed. In 1930, when the U.S. Senate considered loosening import restrictions on books, Sen. Reed Smoot (R-Utah) strenuously objected. Just days after Lawrence died in France, Smoot declared that 'Lady Chatterley’s Lover' was “written by a man with a diseased mind and a soul so black that he would even obscure the darkness of hell.” He expressed concern that reading it could corrupt even the morals of U.S. senators, which is possibly the funniest thing anyone has ever said in Washington."~Ron Charles

Lady Chatterley's Lover, written in 1917 and secretly published in 1928, is an early example of a book that used the F word, and we can thank the Germans for giving us this word. "The f-word is of Germanic origin, related to Dutch, German, and Swedish words for 'to strike' and 'to move back and forth.'"~Melissa Mohr

Norman Mailer replaced the F word with ‘fug’ in his book The Naked and the Dead (1948). The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger featured the use of F you in print. First published in the United States in 1951, The Catcher in the Rye remains controversial to this day due in part to its use of the word, standing at number 13 for the most banned books from 1990 to 2000 according to the American Library Association.

After winning its case in court, Lady Chatterley's Lover quickly sold three million copies.

120 Banned Books: Censorship Histories of World Literature

Many today are intent on defending profanity, but others see swearing in another light: 

“Profanity is the effort of a feeble brain to express itself forcibly.” Spencer W. Kimball

“profanity and obscenity entitle people who don't want unpleasant information to close their ears and eyes to you.” Kurt Vonnegut

"By vulgarity I mean that vice of civilization which makes man ashamed of himself and his next of kin, and pretend to be somebody else." -Solomon Schechter

"The foolish and wicked practice of profane cursing and swearing is a vice so mean and low that every person of sense and character detests and despises it." -George Washington

"Profaneness is a brutal vice. [The person] who indulges in it is no [gentleperson]." -Edwin Hubbel Chapin

"Most people who commit a sin count on some personal benefit to be derived therefrom, but profanity has not even this excuse." -Hosea Ballou

"A single profane expression betrays a [person's] low breeding." -Joseph Cook

"The higher a man stands, the more the word vulgar becomes unintelligible to him." -John Ruskin

"I believe that swearing decreases your reach and offers little benefit in return. Swearing is guaranteed to reduce the size of your potential audience." -Scott Hanselman

"Of all the dark catalogue of sins there is not one more vile and execrable than profaneness..." -Samuel H. Cox

"From a common custom of swearing [people] easily slide into perjury; therefore, if thou wouldst not be perjured, do not use thyself to swear." -Hierocles

"Let thy speech be better than silence, or be silent." - Dionysius of Halicarnassus

"Profanity is the crutch of a conversational cripple." ~ Jay Alexander

"Words are sacred. They deserve respect. If you get the right ones, in the right order, you can nudge the world a little." - Tom Stoppard

"To swear is neither brave, polite, nor wise." -Alexander Pope

"you take no chances of offending by not swearing, but you guarantee to offend someone if you do." Scott Hanselman

"Obscenity, which is ever blasphemy against the divine beauty in life... is a monster for which the corruption of society forever brings forth new food, which it devours in secret." -Percy Bysshe Shelley

"Be careful of your words, for they become your thoughts. Be careful of your thoughts, for they become your actions. Be careful of your actions, for they become your character. Be careful of your character, for it becomes your destiny." - Anonymous

"I find most people who swear a lot have little else to say, and generally aren't worth listening to. If you can't make your point without swearing then you're a poor communicator." -Cameron MacFarland

"A vessel is known by the sound, whether it be cracked or not, so [people] are proved by their speeches whether they be wise or not." - Demosthene

"Such as thy words are, such will thine affections be esteemed; and such as thine affections, will be thy deeds; and such as thy deeds will be thy life." - Socrates

"Rudeness is the weak [person's] imitation of strength." - Eric Hoffer

"Profanity is the last refuge of the truly ignorant." - Anonymous

"By swallowing evil words unsaid, no one has ever harmed his [or her] stomach." - Winston Churchill

"Speak when you are angry and you will make the best speech you will ever regret." - Ambrose Bierce

"If you wouldn't write it and sign it, don't say it." - Earl Wilson

"I do not use profanity in my novels. My characters all go to church." Nicholas Sparks

"If you can’t be interesting without profanity, then let’s face it: You’re not that interesting." -Michael Hyatt

"We dress our bodies with good care and taste. We decorate and adorn them. Are not our thoughts of much more value?" -George Sumner Weaver

See also Profanity a Monstrous Deformity in Human Language By George Sumner Weaver 1855

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See also: Free Speech IS the Speech You Hate - Quotations on Freedom of Expression

Free Speech IS the Speech You Hate - Quotations on Freedom of Expression

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As a book blogger and a lover of literature I am repulsed that anyone in this day and age would try to limit free speech. Even the speech you consider "Hate Speech." I have learned much by reading the books I was not supposed to. Listening to what some might consider "Hate Speech" has informed my upbringing. In fact, the speech and text that some feel needs to be censored has drawn an audience where there otherwise might not be one. Why do you think the "Satanic Verses" sold 766,000 copies?

I have collected here some of the best quotes on free speech from some of the greatest luminaries of the past. We need to learn from the past as we now have the first generation that I can think of that actually wants to limit Free Speech:

"Everyone should open themselves up to offence. You should feel shaken to your core at least once a day. It's good for you. Don't stamp out things that offend you; cherish them, embrace them." Brendan O'Neill

"The speech we love needs no protection. The speech we hate does. The government has no authority to evaluate speech. As the framers understood, all persons have a natural right to think as we wish and to say and publish whatever we think. Even hateful, hurtful and harmful speech is protected speech."~Andrew P. Napolitano

"Your free speech is more important than my feelings. Your right to say whatever you want is more important than my right to feel safe. Your right to be awful is more important than my right to feel accepted. Your right to condemn my choices is as sacred as my right to make those choices." ~Tricia Beck-Peter

"The only valid censorship of ideas is the right of people not to listen." - Power Stewart

"However unwillingly a person who has a strong opinion may admit the possibility that his opinion may be false, he ought to be moved by the consideration that however true it may be, if it is not fully, frequently, and fearlessly discussed, it will be held as a dead dogma, not a living truth."John Stuart Mill

“What is freedom of expression? Without the freedom to offend, [freedom] ceases to exist."― Salman Rushdie.

"Free speech is not just being able to say what you want to say, it also means having to hear things you might not want to hear." ~Charlie Kirk

“Does it ever occur to people on the left that their reliance on lies and censorship may indicate a problem with their belief system?”~Tony Heller

"We don't have the freedom of speech to talk about the weather. We have the first amendment so we can say some very controversial things." ~ Ron Paul

"Censorship reflects a society's lack of confidence in itself. It is a hallmark of an authoritarian regime." ~Justice Potter Stewart

"It is amazing how many people act as if the right to free speech includes the right to be free of criticism for what you say — which means that other people should not have the same right to free speech that they claim for themselves." ~Thomas Sowell

"I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." ~ Voltaire

"A major threat to liberty is the assault on the right to discuss political issues, seek out alternative information sources, and promote dissenting ideas and causes such as non-interventionism in foreign and domestic affairs. If this ongoing assault on free speech succeeds, then all of our liberties are endangered." ~ Ron Paul

"Language makes thought possible...When they prevent you from saying the obvious over time it becomes impossible to see the obvious. And that's exactly, of course, why they do it. Those who control your words, control your mind." Tucker Carlson

"Some people’s idea of free speech is that they are free to say what they like, but if anyone says anything back, that is an outrage." ~ Winston Churchill

“If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear.” ~ George Orwell

"To determine the true rulers of any society, all you must do is ask yourself this question: Who is it that I am not permitted to criticize?" ~ Kevin Alfred Strom

"Political Correctness is Fascism pretending to be Manners." George Carlin

"Censorship reflects a society's lack of confidence in itself." ~ Potter Stewart

"Censorship is the tool of those who have the need to hide actualities from themselves and from others." ~Charles Bukowski

"When you tear out a man's tongue, you are not proving him a liar, you're only telling the world that you fear what he might say."

"Restriction of free thought and free speech is the most dangerous of all subversions. It is the one un-American act that could most easily defeat us all." ~ Justice William O. Douglas

"The freedom of speech and the freedom of the press have not been granted to the people in order that they may say things which please, and which are based upon accepted thought, but the right to say the things which displease, the right to say the things which convey the new and yet unexpected thoughts, the right to say things, even though they do a wrong." ~ Samuel Gompers (1850-1924), Seventy Years of Life and Labor, 1925

Rowan Atkinson on Free speech

"I cannot assent to the view, if it be meant that the legislature may impair or abridge the rights of a free press and of free speech whenever it thinks that the public welfare requires that it be done. The public welfare cannot override constitutional privilege." ~ John Marshall Harlan (1833-1911), U.S. Supreme Court Justice, Patterson v. Chicago

"Free speech is meaningless unless it tolerates the speech that we hate." ~ Henry J. Hyde, U.S. Congressman, Speech, 5/3/91

“If freedom of speech is taken away, then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter.” ~ George Washington

“Whoever would overthrow the liberty of a nation must begin by subduing the freeness of speech.” ~ Benjamin Franklin

“The fact is that censorship always defeats its own purpose, for it creates, in the end, the kind of society that is incapable of exercising real discretion. In the long run it will create a generation incapable of appreciating the difference between independence of thought and subservience.”
~ Henry Steele Commager

“This is slavery, not to speak one's thought.” ~ Euripides

“Until every soul is freely permitted to investigate every book, and creed, and dogma for itself, the world cannot be free." Robert Green Ingersoll

“Those who make conversations impossible, make escalation inevitable.” ~ Stefan Molyneux

“Freedom is an absolute state, there is no such thing as being half-free.” ~ Daniel Delgado F

"If you accept – and I do – that freedom of speech is important, then you are going to have to defend the indefensible. That means you are going to be defending the right of people to read, or to write, or to say, what you don’t say or like or want said." ~ Neil Gaiman

"Trying to erase, hide, discredit, degrade, and suppress a writer's work, merit, voice, and influence is unconstitutional. Censorship only exists to protect corruption." ~ Suzy Kassem

"The moment you say that any idea system is sacred, whether it’s a religious belief system or a secular ideology, the moment you declare a set of ideas to be immune from criticism, satire, derision, or contempt, freedom of thought becomes impossible."[Defend the right to be offended (openDemocracy, 7 February 2005)] ~ Salman Rushdie

“Actually, I am a coward. I say only what is safe to say, and I criticise only what is permissable to criticise.” ~ Murong Xuecun

“If you can’t write freely and if you can’t speak freely in your country, you can be sure that you are living in a very primitive country!” ~ Mehmet Murat ildan

“If we do not believe in freedom of expression for people we despise, we do not believe in it at all.” ~ Noam Chomsky

"Your need to silence me says more about you than it does about me." ~Heinz Schmitz

“One of the problems with defending free speech is you often have to defend people that you find to be outrageous and unpleasant and disgusting.” ~ Salman Rushdie

Punishing students for their speech robs our public debate of needed voices, and it teaches our children—who, of course, one day become adults—that censorship, even broad and sometimes arbitrary censorship, is acceptable. ~Sonja West

"Free speech is so robust intellectually that arguments to try to suspend it are inconsistent w/one another & the rest of the corpus." ~Nassim Nicholas Taleb

"This was an ominous development for free speech -- and not because there is anything at all valuable about The Daily Stormer's message. It's an evil site. Its message is vile. Instead, The Daily Stormer's demise is a reminder that a few major corporations now have far more power than the government to regulate and restrict free speech, and they're hardly neutral or unbiased actors. They have a point of view, and they're under immense pressure to use that point of view to influence public debate." ~David French

When you censor someone, then you are conceding defeat of your ideas.

"Censorship is a very dangerous thing & absolutely impossible to police. If you are weeding out Fake News, there is nothing so Fake as CNN & MSNBC, & yet I do not ask that their sick behavior be removed. I get used to it and watch with a grain of salt, or don’t watch at all." ~ Donald Trump

"Social media monopolies are the new book-burners." ~Joy Villa

"Make no laws whatever concerning speech, and speech will be free; so soon as you make a declaration on paper that speech shall be free, you will have a hundred lawyers proving that "freedom does not mean abuse, nor liberty license;" and they will define and define freedom out of existence. Let the guarantee of free speech be in every man's determination to use it, and we shall have no need of paper declarations. On the other hand, so long as the people do not care to exercise their freedom, those who wish to tyrannize will do so; for tyrants are active and ardent, and will devote themselves in the name of any number of gods, religious and otherwise, to put shackles upon sleeping men."—Voltairine De Cleyre.

“Coyness is nice and coyness can stop you

From saying all the things in life you'd like to

So if there's something you'd like to try

If there's something you'd like to try

Ask me, I won't say no, how could I?”

-The Smiths, Ask

"Censorship is the child of fear and the father of ignorance." - Laurie Halse Anderson

"Stopping leaks is a new form of censorship." - Julian Assange

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Forbidden and Condemned by the Catholic Church - 150 Books to Download

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Contents:

Books condemned to be burnt by James A Farrer 1892

The Roman Index of Forbidden Books by Francis S Betten 1912

The Enemies of Books by William Blades 1880

A Commentary on the Present Index Legislation by Timothy Hurley 1907

The Censorship of the Church of Rome, Volume 1 by George H Putnam 1906

The Censorship of the Church of Rome, Volume 2 by George H Putnam 1906\

The Literary Policy of the Church of Rome exhibited in an account of her Damnatory Catalogues or indexes by Joseph Mendham 1830

"The following list contains a number of titles which it might be practical for English Catholics to know. Nearly all those put on the Index during the last few years have been mentioned, because they contain the palmary heresy of our times, namely - Modernism, and among its various errors especially the unChristian treatment of the Bible" FRANCIS S. BETTEN, S.J.:

Philosophical Works of David Hume, Volume 1 1854

Philosophical Works of David Hume, Volume 2 1854

Philosophical Works of David Hume, Volume 3 1854

Philosophical Works of David Hume, Volume 4 1854 ("The influence of Hume was mainly destructive...his skepticism, the ultimate conclusion of a movement initiated by Descartes, ended in a sort of desperate nihilism." ~Etienne Gilson)

Happiness in Hell by St George Mivart 1900 ("Professor Mivart perceives, like the Bishop of Chester, that Christianity must alter its teaching with respect to Hell, or lose its hold on the educated, the thoughtful, and the humane. 'Not a few persons,' he says, 'have abandoned Christianity on account of this dogma.'") ~GW Foote

The Works of Honore De Balzac, Volume 1 1896

A Treatise on the Physical Cause of the Death of Christ by William Stroud 1847

Deontology - The Science of Morality, Volume 1 by Jeremy Bentham 1834

Deontology - The Science of Morality, Volume 2 by Jeremy Bentham 1834 (Bentham advocated individual and economic freedom, the separation of church and state, freedom of expression, equal rights for women, the right to divorce, and the decriminalising of homosexual acts.)

Vestiges of Ancient Manners and Customs by John James Blunt 1823

Hippolytus and his Age - The doctrine and practice of the Church of Rome under Commodus and Alexander Severus; and ancient and modern Christianity and divinity compared, Volume 1 by Christian Bunsen 1852

Hippolytus and his Age - The doctrine and practice of the Church of Rome under Commodus and Alexander Severus; and ancient and modern Christianity and divinity compared, Volume 2 by Christian Bunsen 1852

Hippolytus and his Age - The doctrine and practice of the Church of Rome under Commodus and Alexander Severus; and ancient and modern Christianity and divinity compared, Volume 3 by Christian Bunsen 1852

Hippolytus and his Age - The doctrine and practice of the Church of Rome under Commodus and Alexander Severus; and ancient and modern Christianity and divinity compared, Volume 4 by Christian Bunsen 1852

Lectures on the Insufficiency of Unrevealed Religion, and on the succeeding influence of Christianity by Richard Burgess 1832

The True Intellectual System of the Universe, Volume 1 by Ralph Cudworth 1845

The True Intellectual System of the Universe, Volume 2 by Ralph Cudworth 1845

The True Intellectual System of the Universe, Volume 3 by Ralph Cudworth 1845

Zoonomia - The laws of organic life by Erasmus Darwin Volume 1 1818

Zoonomia - The laws of organic life by Erasmus Darwin Volume 2 1818

The Method, Meditations, and Philosophy of Descartes 1901 (Descartes was accused of harboring secret deist or atheist beliefs.)

The Pope and the Council by Johann Dollinger 1869

History of the Conflict between Religion and Science By John William Draper 1875

Steps Toward Reunion by James Duggan 1897

The Spiritual Body by John Charles Earle 1876

Christendom's divisions by Edmund Ffoulkes 1865

The Saint by Antonio Fogazzaro 1906

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, Volume 1, 1900

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, Volume 2, 1900

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, Volume 3, 1900

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, Volume 4, 1900

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, Volume 5, 1900

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, Volume 6, 1900

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, Volume 7, 1900

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, Volume 8, 1900

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, Volume 9, 1900

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, Volume 10, 1900

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, Volume 11, 1900

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, Volume 12, 1900

Abridgment of Goldsmith's History of England by Oliver Goldsmith 1829

The Life of Jesus Critically Examined by David Friedrich Strauss, Volume 1, 1860

The Life of Jesus Critically Examined by David Friedrich Strauss, Volume 2, 1860

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages by Ferdinand Gregorovius, Volume 1 1894

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages by Ferdinand Gregorovius, Volume 2 1894

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages by Ferdinand Gregorovius, Volume 3 1894

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages by Ferdinand Gregorovius, Volume 4 1894

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages by Ferdinand Gregorovius, Volume 4 Part 2 1894

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages by Ferdinand Gregorovius, Volume 5 1894

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages by Ferdinand Gregorovius, Volume 5 Part 2 1894

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages by Ferdinand Gregorovius, Volume 6 1894

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages by Ferdinand Gregorovius, Volume 6 Part 2 1894

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages by Ferdinand Gregorovius, Volume 7 1894

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages by Ferdinand Gregorovius, Volume 7 Part 2 1894

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages by Ferdinand Gregorovius, Volume 8 1894

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages by Ferdinand Gregorovius, Volume 8 Part 2 1894 (According to Jesuit Father John Hardon, S.J. Gregorovius was "a bitter enemy of the popes."}

The Tombs of the Popes by Ferdinand Gregorovius 1903

Constitutional History of England by Henry Hallam Volume 1 1832

Constitutional History of England by Henry Hallam Volume 2 1832

View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages by Henry Hallam 1857

Elements of Logic by Richard Whateley 1855

The Metaphysical System of Hobbes by Thomas Hobbes 1913 (Hobbes held views on religion deemed controversial by the Church)

Hobbes's Leviathan 1909

Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant 1855 ("Kant's contention that the existence of God can neither be confirmed or denied...caused the book to be placed in the Roman Index of Forbidden Books" ~Literature Suppressed on Religious Grounds By Margaret Bald)

Myth, Ritual and Religion by Andrew Lang, Volume 1 1899

Myth, Ritual and Religion by Andrew Lang, Volume 2 1899

Letters to His Holiness, Pope Pius X by William L Sullivan 1910
("The Inquisitors were forbidden to inflict torture more than once upon the same man for the extortion of confession. Did the Inquisitors quietly accept such a limitation of their august office, their "Holy Office," as their institution is canonically styled? Far from it. They were too clever in theology
not to know how to keep and break a law at the same time. So they inflicted _each species_ of torture once. Whosoever cannot see that this is torturing a man only once, need but consult any seminarian fresh from his Roman text-books. Or they inflicted torture once for each distinct complaint."

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke 1829

Locke's essay concerning Human Understanding 1905 (Locke argued that atheists and Catholics should not be tolerated)

The Reasonableness of Christianity by John Locke 1824

The Gospel and the Church by Alfred Loisy 1903 (Loisy was a critic of traditional views of the biblical creation, and argued that biblical criticism could be applied to interpreting Sacred Scripture. His theological positions brought him into conflict with the leading Catholics of his era, including Pope Leo XIII and Pope Pius X. In 1893, he was dismissed as a professor from the Institut Catholique de Paris. His books were condemned by the Vatican, and in 1908 he was excommunicated.)

The Religion of Israel by Alfred Loisy 1910

Theological Essays by Frederick Denison Maurice, 1871 (the opinions it expressed were viewed by R. W. Jelf, principal of King's College, as being of unsound theology. He had previously been called on to clear himself from charges of heterodoxy brought against him in the Quarterly Review (1851) and had been acquitted by a committee of inquiry.)

Principles of Political Economy by John Stuart Mill 1884

The Church of Armenia - her history, doctrine, rule, discipline, liturgy, literature, and existing condition by Malachia Ormanian 1910

History of the Popes by Leopold Ranke 1901

Renan's Life of Jesus 1897

Lectures on the Influence of the Institutions, Thought, and Culture of Rome, on Christianity and the development of the Catholic Church by Ernest Renan 1898

The Future of Science by Ernest Renan 1891

Studies in Religious History by Ernest Renan 1886

Saint Paul by Ernest Renan 1868

The History of the Origins of Christianity (Gospels) by Ernest Renan 1866

Pamela, or, Virtue rewarded by Samuel Richardson 1873

The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles the Fifth, Volume 1 by William Robertson 1884

The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles the Fifth. Volume 2 by William Robertson 1884

The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles the Fifth, Volume 3 by William Robertson 1884

Rousseau's Emile 1892

The Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1893

Life of St. Francis of Assisi by Paul Sabatier 1922 (considered an unreliable retelling of the saint's story)

A Pilgrimage to Rome - containing some account of the high ceremonies, the monastic institutions, the religious services, the sacred relics, the miraculous pictures, and the general state of religion in that city by Michael H Seymour 1849

The Brass Bell - A Tale of Caesar's Gallic Invasion by Eugene Sue 1907

The Iron Pincers - a tale of the Albigensian Crusades 1909 by Eugene Sue

The Gold Sickle - a Tale of Druid Gaul by Eugene Sue 1904

The Wandering Jew, Volume 1 by Eugene Sue 1889

The Wandering Jew, Volume 2 by Eugene Sue 1889

The Wandering Jew, Volume 3 by Eugene Sue 1889 (Eugène Sue, who in this best-seller depicted the Jesuits as a "secret society bent on world domination by all available means". Sue's heroine, Adrienne de Cardoville, said that she could not think about Jesuits "without ideas of darkness, of venom and of nasty black reptiles being involuntarily aroused in me"

History of English Literature, Volume 1 by Hippolyte Taine 1889

History of English Literature, Volume 2 by Hippolyte Taine 1889

History of English Literature, Volume 3 by Hippolyte Taine 1889

History of English Literature, Volume 4 by Hippolyte Taine 1889

The Priest, a Tale of modernism in New England by William Sullivan 1911

The Works of Voltaire, 1901 (you get 43 volumes [books])

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