Johannes Kepler on This Day in History

 

This day in history: Johannes Kepler was born on this day in 1571. Kepler was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music. He is a key figure in the 17th-century Scientific Revolution, best known for his laws of planetary motion, and his books Astronomia nova, Harmonice Mundi, and Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae, influencing among others Isaac Newton, providing one of the foundations for his theory of universal gravitation. The variety and impact of his work made Kepler one of the founders and fathers of modern astronomy, the scientific method, natural and modern science.

Kepler was a mathematics teacher at a seminary school in Graz, where he became an associate of Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg. Later he became an assistant to the astronomer Tycho Brahe in Prague, and eventually the imperial mathematician to Emperor Rudolf II and his two successors Matthias and Ferdinand II. He also taught mathematics in Linz, and was an adviser to General Wallenstein. Additionally, he did fundamental work in the field of optics, being named the father of modern optics, in particular for his Astronomiae pars optica. He also invented an improved version of the refracting telescope, the Keplerian telescope, which became the foundation of the modern refracting telescope, while also improving on the telescope design by Galileo Galilei, who mentioned Kepler's discoveries in his work.

Kepler lived in an era when there was no clear distinction between astronomy and astrology, but there was a strong division between astronomy (a branch of mathematics within the liberal arts) and physics (a branch of natural philosophy). Kepler also incorporated religious arguments and reasoning into his work, motivated by the religious conviction and belief that God had created the world according to an intelligible plan that is accessible through the natural light of reason. Kepler described his new astronomy as "celestial physics", as "an excursion into Aristotle's Metaphysics", and as "a supplement to Aristotle's On the Heavens", transforming the ancient tradition of physical cosmology by treating astronomy as part of a universal mathematical physics.

Kepler has been called the "father of science fiction" for his novel Somnium.

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German Philosopher Immanuel Kant on This Day in History

This Day in History: German philosopher Immanuel Kant died on this day in 1804. His greatest writings he gave the titles (with some hubris) "Pure Reason" and "Practical Reason." I often wonder how someone can build a philosophy when he has never left his immediate neighborhood for his entire life. Perhaps he just re-imagines or re-states a previous philosophy. Take his famous Categorical Imperative: "Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law." Is this not just a fancier way of stating the golden rule in Matthew 7: "do unto others what you would have them do to you?"

Perhaps Jason Brennan is right:

"Just as Einstein’s field equations aren’t particularly useful for studying the path of a falling feather, so Kant’s CI isn’t particularly useful to know what to do in a given situation."
https://fee.org/articles/what-do-you-need-philosophy-for/

See also 350 Books on German Philosophy to Download (Kant, Nietzsche,
Schopenhauer, Hegel)
http://thebookshelf2015.blogspot.com/2015/10/350-books-on-german-philosophy-on.html

Dissing Immanuel Kant
https://thebookshelf2015.blogspot.com/2015/10/dissing-immanuel-kant.html

Theosophy and Immanuel Kant by H. T. Edge, M. A. 1916
https://thebookshelf2015.blogspot.com/2018/02/theosophy-and-immanuel-kant-by-h-t-edge.html

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The Curious Case of Kaspar Hauser on This Day in History

This Day in History: Kaspar Houser was killed on this day in 1833. 

"Kaspar Hauser emerged at the Haller Gate in the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria, on May 26,1828, shrouded in mystery and greatly romanticized. A 17-year-old dwarfed male, with a blank mind and without language, he exhibited a spurt of growth and intellectual and social development, becoming a highly peculiar and limited young man whose origin remained enigmatic when he was assassinated on December 14,1833. His story became the sensation of the day throughout Europe and has been enshrined in literature through the present." Source

The following article appeared in Chamber's Journal 1879

On the evening of Whitmonday some fifty years ago, a citizen of Nuremberg happened to be loitering near his door in an unfrequented part of the town, when he observed a short distance off an ungainly looking young man standing in a singular posture, having the appearance of one intoxicated, and apparently making attempts to move forward without having the power either to stand upright or to control the movement of his limbs.

The citizen approached the stranger, who immediately thrust into his hands a letter — a letter addressed to the captain of one of the regiments then quartered in Nuremberg. The citizen attempted to question the strange youth; but in reply to his queries could only elicit a repetition of some unintelligible jargon, and therefore conducted him to the guard-room of the regiment. Here the captain's orderly took charge of the unknown, and led him to his master's house. The captain happened to be from home at the time; and as the stranger could give no account of himself in answer to the numerous questions with which he was assailed, and as he did not appear to understand anything that was said to him, he was taken for a kind of savage; and after much consultation on the part of the servants as to his disposal, he was shut up in a stable, to await the return of the captain. The contents of his pockets created the greatest surprise. They consisted of coloured rags, a key, a paper of gold sand, a small horn rosary, and a few religious tracts.

The poor fellow was so much fatigued that his attempts to walk resulted in an unsteady stagger; his feet were bruised and bleeding; and he appeared to be suffering intensely from the effects of hunger and thirst. Some meat was offered to him; but on tasting it he immediately spat it out in disgust. Beer too was given him; but on tasting a few drops of it he rejected it as he had done the meat. Some bread and a glass of water, however, afforded him much satisfaction, and he swallowed them eagerly. After refreshing himself in this manner, he threw himself on some straw in the stable, and almost instantly fell into a deep sleep. He was still asleep when the captain returned home, although several hours had elapsed. Attempts were made to awaken him, but for some time without success. They lifted him from the ground and tried to place him upon his feet; but in spite of all their exertions, the youth slept on, and seemed more like one dead or in a trance, than a living being merely asleep. At last, however, "his eyes slowly opened, and as if struck with the glittering colour of the captain's uniform, he immediately commenced to utter the same jargon he had used to the bewilderment of the good citizen who had discovered him.

The captain knew nothing of the stranger, and no particulars could be ascertained from the letter of which he was the bearer. This letter did not give any clue to the name or previous home of the youth. It was not even addressed to any person by name, and from its style and orthography, seemed to have been intended to pass for the production of some illiterate peasant. The writer merely stated that he was a poor workman with a large family, which he could ill support; that the mother of the stranger had placed him under his care when quite young; that the boy wished to be a soldier, as his father had been. No name was signed at the end of the letter, which closed with this inhuman sentence: 'If you do not keep him, you may kill him or hang him up in the chimney.'

The captain was in a great dilemma with regard to the disposal of the charge that had been imposed upon him in so sudden and unexpected a manner; but at last, when every attempt at questioning had failed, the unknown was taken to the police station. Here they could make nothing of him. The usual interrogations as to who he was, whence he came, what was his business, &c., elicited no intelligible answer, and the authorities were much perplexed to know what to do with him. His tears, the state of his feet, and his childish and apparently harmless demeanour, excited the pity of those who saw him. Opinions as to his real nature were divided. Some considered him an idiot, others thought him a savage. Not a few affected to believe that under this appearance of simplicity some cunning deceit might be concealed.

At the suggestion of one of the officials, pen, ink, and paper were put before him, and signs were made that he should use them. At this the stranger manifested considerable pleasure; and taking up the pen, to the infinite astonishment it must be confessed of all present, he wrote in bold legible characters the words 'Kaspar Hauser.' Here, however, he stopped. All attempts to make him understand that they wanted him to write down the name of the place whence he came, failed; and as a last resource, he was committed to the prison where rogues and vagabonds were usually confined. On being conducted to his cell, he immediately sank on his straw-bed in a deep sleep. Such was Kaspar Hausert first introduction to the world.

At this time, Kaspar was about sixteen or seventeen years old, and four feet nine inches in height His chin and lips were thinly covered with down; his wisdom-teeth, as they are called, had not yet come, nor did they make their appearance until about three years later. His hair, which was a light-brown colour, was very fine, and curled in ringlets. The structure of his body, which was stout and broad-shouldered, showed perfect symmetry without any visible defect His hands were small aud beautifully shaped. The soles of his feet were as soft as the palms of his hands, and from their appearance, had never before either been used for walking or confined in a shoe. His face, particularly when in a state of tranquillity, was almost without any expression whatever. He appeared to have little or no idea of the use of his limbs. His attempts at walking were most ludicrous, for they resembled the first toddlings of an infant. He was wholly destitute of words and ideas, and shewed a complete ignorance of the most common objects of nature and the ordinary usages of daily life. In fact, the whole of the circumstances connected with the unfortunate youth were for some considerable time a dark mystery, that baffled even the wisest in their attempts to fathom. He appeared to resemble an inhabitant of some other planet, miraculously and suddenly transferred to the earth, rather than one belonging to the same race of men who now exist.

The only food he could be prevailed upon to take was bread and water. For all other kinds of meat and drink he showed the greatest aversion. Even the smell of them was sufficient to make him shudder; and the least drop of wine, or tea, or coffee occasioned him cold sweats, or caused him to be seized with vomiting or violent headache. Among the few intelligible words, to most of which he appeared to attach no meaning whatever, that now and then escaped his lips, the one most frequently used was 'Ross' (horse); from this circumstance the idea of bringing him a wooden toy-horse occurred to some of the police officials. At the sight of this plaything Kaspar, who hitherto had treated everything and every one with stolid indifference, suddenly roused up. He seated himself on the ground by the side of his toy, stroked it, patted it, kept his eyes continually fixed on it, and finally endeavoured to decorate it with all the various trifling presents which benevolent visitors from time to time had given him. For hours he would sit by the side of his horse playing with it, taking no notice of anything that was going on around him. Several toy-horses were now given to him, and for each of them he manifested the same affection he had shown for the first one he received. Even at meal-time he would not be separated from his favourites; and before eating his bread or drinking his water, he tried hard to induce his horses to partake. His plan was to hold his bread to the mouth of each horse in turn, and after that to dip the mouth of each horse in the water. One of the horses happened to be made of plaster of Paris, and the constant wetting had the effect of softening the lips, and by degrees part of the mouth crumbled off. This circumstance caused Kaspar the most intense sorrow, nor would he be comforted until one of the officials had mended his toy for him.

In a very short time after his arrival at the prison, Kaspar was no longer considered as an ordinary prisoner, but rather as a forsaken and neglected child, who needed only care and education to render him like other human beings. The governor of the prison admitted him to his family table, where, although he would not yet eat the same food as the others had, he still learned to sit properly, and in some measure to conform to the ordinary rules of decent society. Kaspar was pleased to have the governor's children as playmates, while they on their part were delighted at the idea of having a playfellow bigger than themselves, and yet with the gentleness and simplicity of a child.

About a fortnight after Kaspar's arrival in Nuremberg, he was providentially favoured with a visit from a certain Professor Daumer, an intelligent young scholar, who forthwith devoted himself to the peculiar and most interesting task of training the virgin mind of the unfortunate youth. The Burgomaster, Herr Binder, also took a very deep interest in Kaspar, and frequently had him brought to his house, where he was encouraged and assisted in his attempts to learn to converse; and where, by carefully avoiding all the puzzling restrictions of legal forms and questionings, the young man was by degrees, as he advanced in his knowledge of words, induced to try and recall some of the incidents in his early life. At the same time the police were still busy with their investigations; but the clue they had to work upon being so slight, they made but slow progress in unravelling the tangled thread of the mystery which surrounded this strange specimen of humanity.

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Little by little, however, Kaspar's mind became enlightened, and as his power of expression and his vocabulary increased, he began putting together, bit by bit as it were, those of the incidents of his past life which struck him most forcibly. The account he gave of himself was as follows: 'He neither knows who he is nor where his home is. It was only at Nuremberg that he came into the world. Here he learned for the first time that besides himself and one man who had always had the care of him, there existed other men or other creatures. As long as he could recollect, he had lived in a hole (or small low room, which he sometimes calls a cage), where he had always sat upon the ground, with bare feet, and clothed only in a shirt and a pair of trousers. In his apartment he had never heard a sound, whether produced by a man, by an animal, or by anything else. He never saw the heavens, nor did there ever appear a brightening (daylight) such as at Nuremberg. Whenever he awoke from sleep he found a loaf of bread and a pitcher of water beside him. Sometimes this water had a bad taste; and whenever this was the case, he could no longer keep his eyes open, but was compelled to fall asleep. When he awoke he found that he had a clean shirt on and that his nails had been cut. He never saw the face of the man who brought him his bread and water. In his room he had two wooden horses and some ribbons. With these he always amused himself as long as he was awake. How long he lived in this state he knew not, for he had no knowledge of time. The man who acted as his keeper had, while he was in his little room, taught him to write, standing behind him during each lesson, in order that the face of the teacher might not be seen, and guiding his hand. In this manner he learned to write his name, and also some of the usual words and copies that are used in elementary instruction. After a time his keeper taught him to stand upright The method employed for this purpose was very singular. The keeper caught him firmly round the breast from behind, placed his own feet behind his (Kaspar's) feet and lifted them as in stepping forward. Finally the man appeared once again, placed his (Kaspar's) hands over his shoulders, tied them fast, and carried him on his back out of the room. The journey must have lasted several days at least, for he remembered having eaten and slept several times. He never saw the face of his keeper even now, for as he either led or carried him along, the man directed him (Kaspar) to keep his face directed towards the ground. During this time the keeper attempted to teach him to walk, and also instructed him to say the same jargon he had used when he was first observed hy the citizen of Nuremberg. Not long before he was discovered the keeper put on him the clothes in which he was found. Then suddenly thrusting the letter into his hands, the keeper vanished. After this the citizen found him almost immediately, and conducted him to the guard-room.'

This account, given almost in Kaspar's own words, will go far towards explaining how it happened that the youth's mind was in such a dark state; but it helps very little to show who Kaspar Hauser really was, or whence he came, or in fact any real particulars of his actual history. That a great crime had been committed by some one, was very evident. Many conjectures were hazarded, and it was only after very considerable and protracted search that it was possible to arrive at any satisfactory conclusions. Link by link the chain of evidence-—circumstantial only, it must be admitted-—was put together; and finally it was on all sides generally believed that Kaspar Hauser was the product of an illicit alliance. A priest, who was said to be his father, took charge of the child from the moment of his birth, and in time shut him up in some out-of-the-way subterranean vault in the convent where he resided. Here it was that Kaspar, totally secluded from all human observation and knowledge save that of the priest, passed seventeen long years; and here probably he would have remained, had not circumstances compelled the priest to leave the convent; when, having no other convenient place of concealment available, he released the poor fellow and left him to his fate.

The incident mentioned by Kaspar in his account of himself relating to the bad taste in his water, which caused him to fall into a deep sleep, was explained a short time after he had given the narrative to his friends. It occurred to one of them that the priest might have mixed a drop or two of laudanum with the water, with the view of inducing a stupor while the boy's clothes were being changed. One day a small dose of laudanum was put in his glass of water without Kaspar's knowledge. On tasting the water, he recognised the flavour at once, and unhesitatingly affirmed that the glass contained some of the stuff he used to have given him during his imprisonment when a change of clothes became necessary. This circumstance clearly proved the truth of the conjecture.

The accounts that are recorded of the growth of Kaspar's mind are most interesting. Incidents that to an ordinary person would appear of no moment, had a strange and inexplicable effect on him. For instance, as an experiment he was brought into contact with a female somnambulist. Her presence affected him in the most extraordinary manner. He was seized with violent pain and sudden disgust. He describes the interview in his own words as follows: 'As I came into the room and the door of the diseased person was opened, I felt a sudden dragging on both sides of my breast, as if some one wished to pull me into the room. As I went in and proceeded towards the sick person, a very strong breath blew upon me, and when I had her at my back it blew upon me from behind, and the pulling I felt before in my breast I now felt in my shoulders. The sick person seated herself and said that she was ill. I also said that I was unwell, and that I mostly sit down. Now a violent beating of my heart came on me, and there was a heat in all my body. This condition lasted until the next morning, then I had a headache again and a twittering in all my limbs, still not so violent.' The somnambulist, curiously enough, was affected almost in the same manner.

On another occasion a spider let itself down from the ceiling on Kaspar's head. Directly it touched him he felt a chill and an excessive degree of cold on his forehead, without knowing the cause. Suddenly putting up his hand to his face, he crushed the spider on his under-lip. 'Hereupon he felt, for more than a quarter of an hour, a burning pain, which passed away with a tremor. When he retired to bed the burning sensation returned. During the night the lip swelled, and there rose on it several small bladders, out of which there was a discharge of white matter in the morning. The chill occasioned by the spider was of long continuance.

But it was not only by the sight of and contact with living creatures that Kaspar was visibly affected; for we are told that one day he happened to see a particularly fine flower, and on his attempting to pluck it, the same feeling as that caused by the spider came upon him. On another occasion, after eating a ripe grape he immediately became strangely affected, and was compelled to sleep off the effects of the, to him, potent juice.

Although for a long time Kaspar's body was considerably in advance of his mind, yet by degrees he began to overcome many of his peculiarities. Still he could never forget the hardships he had suffered, and the fact of his being inclined to brood over them tended to retard his mental progress.

About four years after his first appearance in Nuremberg, Kaspar was fortunate enough to come under the notice of Lord Stanhope. This nobleman conceived the idea of adopting the strange youth, and having prevailed upon the inhabitants of Nuremberg, who looked upon Kaspar as their adopted son, to give him up, he placed him under a tutor at Auspach previous to removing him to England. But unhappily these benevolent intentions were frustrated, for the same mystery which shrouded his birth hung over his death. On the 14th of December 1833, Kaspar Hauser, while returning from his official duties at mid-day, was accosted in the streets by a person who promised to impart to him the secret of his origin, if he would meet him in the park of Auspach Castle. Without informing his protectors of this circumstance, Hauser imprudently kept the appointment. The stranger was at his post; he took Kaspar aside, and, without speaking a word, plunged a dagger into his breast, and instantly disappeared. Hauser had sufficient strength left to reach the residence of his new tutor, into whose apartment he rushed, and had just breath enough to utter two or three indistinct words, when he immediately fainted, and, after relating the circumstances of his assassination, died on the 17th of the same month. Every expedient which the police could invent was adopted to discover the murderer, but without success. The secret, which it cost so much crime to preserve, has never been divulged.

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The "Baron of Bank Robbery" on This Day in History

 

Today in History: German-American bank robber Herman Lamm died on this day in 1930. Lamm is widely considered one of the most brilliant and efficient bank robbers to have ever lived, and has been described as "the father of modern bank robbery". By his death in 1930, his techniques had already been widely imitated by other bank robbers across the country including bank robber John Dillinger.

Lamm was a member of the Prussian army and after he was discharged, he decided that a bank heist needed military planning and training. His system (what became known as "The Lamm Technique") involved carefully studying a target bank for many hours before the robbery, developing a detailed floor plan, noting the location of safes, taking meticulous notes and establishing escape routes.

"Lamm assigned each gang member a specific job, along with a specific zone of the bank they were charged with surveying and a strict timetable to complete their stage of the robbery. Among the jobs he assigned to his fellow robbers were the lookout, the getaway driver, the lobby man and the vault man. He also put his men through a series of rehearsals, some of which involved using a full-scale mock-up of the interior of the bank. Lamm stressed the importance of timing during these practice runs, and used stopwatches to ensure the proper results were achieved. He only allowed his gang members to stay in a bank for a specific period of time, regardless of how much money they could steal." Wikipedia

Lamm is also credited with devising the first detailed bank robbery getaway maps. Once he targeted a bank, he mapped the nearby back roads to a tenth of a mile. He meticulously developed getaway plans for each of his robberies. Before every heist, Lamm obtained a nondescript car with a high-powered engine, and often recruited drivers who had been involved in auto racing. He would spend days doing practice runs.

Lamm's gang was considered the most efficient gang of bank robbers of the era. It all came to an end after robbing the Citizens State Bank in Clinton Indiana. However, it took thousands of angry Indiana citizens and 200 police (many newly deputized) to stop him. He shot himself rather than surrender to the mob.

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German Band Leader James Last on This Day in History

 

Games That Lovers Play

This Day in History: German composer and big band leader James Last was born on this day in 1929. You may not have heard of him, but you may have heard his music. Last sold 200 million albums worldwide in his lifetime, and he was the most commercially successful bandleader of the second half of the 20th century. 

His trademark "happy music" made his numerous albums best-sellers in Germany and the United Kingdom, with 65 of his albums reaching the charts in the UK alone. His composition "Happy Heart" became an international success in interpretations by Andy Williams and Petula Clark.

His song "Games That Lovers Play" has been covered over a hundred times, and he played at the  Royal Albert Hall 90 times, more than any other performer besides Eric Clapton.

James Last still has millions of views on Youtube, including his rendition of the Orange Blossom Special

Kraftwerk On This Day in History

Listen to Man Machine

This Day In History: Drummer Henning Schmitz was born on this day in 1953. While I like him for having a great last name, Henning is a also member of one of the most influential bands in history: Kraftwerk. In fact, William at The Spectator, argues that the “po-faced kraut-rockers have become the most influential pop group of all time.” Widely considered as innovators and pioneers of electronic music (synth-pop, electro-pop, art pop, krautrock, avant-garde), they were among the first successful acts to popularize the genre. Kraftwerk would go on to inspire such groups as Ultravox, John Foxx, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, Human League, Depeche Mode, Visage, Soft Cell, Gary Numan, Erasure, the Blue Man Group, Bjork, Kompressor, David Bowie, Joy Division, New Order, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Blondie, U2, Simple Minds and one of my favorites: Ladytron.

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Contents of Disk (created on a Windows computer):

The Philosophy of Immanuel Kant by AD Lindsay 1913

Lectures on Modern Idealism by Josiah Royce 1919 (German idealism was a speculative philosophical movement that emerged in Germany in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It reacted against Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and was closely linked with both romanticism and the revolutionary politics of the Enlightenment.)

German Idealism and Prussian Militarism by Charles W Super 1916

God with Us - a Study in Religious Idealism by WR Gibson 1909

Schelling's transcendental idealism by John Watson 1882

Typical Modern Conceptions of God - The absolute of German romantic idealism and of English evolutionary agnosticism, with a constructive essay by Joseph A Leighton 1901

Fichte by Robert Adamson 1881

Memoir Of Johann Gottlieb Fichte by William Smith 1846

The Unity of Fichte's Doctrine of Knowledge by Anna B Thompson 1895

The Popular Works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Volume 1 1889

The Popular Works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Volume 2 1889

Fichte's Science of knowledge. A critical exposition by Charles C Everett 1884

The Fundamental Principle of Fichte's Philosophy by Ellen B Talbot 1906

The Doctrine of the Freedom of the Will in Fichte's Philosophy by John F Brown 1900

The Science of Knowledge by Johann Gottlieb Fichte 1889

The Vocation of Man by Fichte 1906

The Destination of Man by Fichte 1846

The Science of Ethics as Based on the Science of Knowledge by Fichte 1897

The Vocation of the Scholar by Fichte 1847

The Philosophy of F. H. Jacobi by AW Crawford 1905

Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi - a Study in the origin of German Realism by Norman Wilde 1894

The Ideas that have Influenced Civilization, Volume 1 by Oliver J Thatcher 1901

The Ideas that have Influenced Civilization, Volume 2 by Oliver J Thatcher 1901

The Ideas that have Influenced Civilization, Volume 4 by Oliver J Thatcher 1901

The Ideas that have Influenced Civilization, Volume 8 by Oliver J Thatcher 1901

The Ideas that have Influenced Civilization, Volume 9 by Oliver J Thatcher 1901

The Ideas that have Influenced Civilization, Volume 10 by Oliver J Thatcher 1901

Leibniz by JT Merz 1884

The Early Mathematical Manuscripts of Leibniz 1920

New Essays Concerning Human Understanding by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1896

Leibniz's new essays concerning the human understanding - a critical exposition by John Dewey 1888

The Conception of a Kingdom of Ends in Augustine, Aquinas, and Leibniz by Ella H Stokes 1912

A New Interpretation of Herbart's Psychology and educational theory through the philosophy of Leibniz by John Davidson 1906

A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz by Bertrand Russell 1900

Discourse on Metaphysics, and Monadology by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1902

The Philosophical Works of Leibnitz 1908

Life of Godfrey William von Leibnitz by John Milton Mackie 1845

A System of Theology by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1850

A Survey of Symbolic Logic by Clarence Lewis 1918

Feuerbach, the Roots of the Socialist Philosophy by Friedrich Engels, 1903

The Essence of Christianity by Ludwig Feuerbach 1855

German Philosophy and Politics by John Dewey 1915

The Educational Theory of Immanuel Kant 1908

Agnosticism in Kant, article in the Princeton Review 1880

A Commentary to Kant's 'Critique of pure reason' by Norman Kemp Smith 1918

The Philosophy of Kant explained by John Watson 1908

With what right is Kant's Critique of pure reason called a Theory of Experience by John Henry Bell 1899

The Critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant, Volume 1 by Edward Caird 1909

The Critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant, Volume 2 by Edward Caird 1909

A Critique of Kant by Kuno Fisher 1888

Kant's Introduction to Logic 1885

Critique of Pure Kant - A real realism vs. a Fictitious Idealism; in a word, the bubble and monstrosity of the Kantian metaphysic by Charles Wheeler 1911

The Epistemological Function of the "Thing in Itself" in Kant's philosophy by Albert Ross Hill 1905

Kant and his English Critics- A comparison of critical and empirical philosophy by John Watson 1881

Kant's Prolegomena, and Metaphysical foundations of natural science by Ernest Bax 1883

The Principle of Synthetic Unity in Berkeley and Kant by Samuel Dick 1898

An outline introductory to Kant's "Critique of pure reason" by RM Wenley 1897

A Study of Kant by James Ward 1922

Kant and his Philosophical Revolution by RM Wenley 1910

Kant's Ethics and Schopenhauer's Criticism by Michael Kelly 1910

Historical survey of speculative philosophy from Kant to Hegel by HM Chalybaus 1854

The Philosophy of Kant by Victor Cousin 1854

The Formal and Material Elements of Kant's Ethics by WM Washington 1898

Pragmatic Elements in Kant's Philosophy by Charles Witter 1913

Kant's Doctrine of Teleology by Elijah Kresge 1914

Kant's theory of knowledge by HA Prichard 1909

An Introduction to Kant's Critical Philosophy by George Whitney 1914

Kant, Lotze and Ritschl by L Stahlin 1889

Kant and [Herbert] Spencer, a critical exposition by BP Bowne 1910

Kant's philosophy as rectified by Schopenhauer by Michael Kelly 1909

Kant's Ethics -  A critical exposition by Noah Porter 1886

Immanuel Kant, A study and a comparison with Goethe, Leonardo da Vinci, Bruno, Plato and Descartes by HS Chamberlain Volume 1, 1914

Immanuel Kant, A study and a comparison with Goethe, Leonardo da Vinci, Bruno, Plato and Descartes by HS Chamberlain Volume 2, 1914

Kant's doctrine of freedom by Edmund Miller 1913

Kant's Critique of Judgement 1914

Kant's Critique of Aesthetic Judgement 1911

On the Philosophy of Kant by Robert Adamson 1879

Critique of Practical Reason - Kant 1889

Critique of Pure Reason Volume 1 - Kant 1881

Critique of Pure Reason Volume 2 - Kant 1881

Immanuel Kant- his life and doctrine by F Paulsen 1902

Kant - The Science of Right 1790

Philosophy from DesCartes to Kant by Prof Ormond

Protestant thought before Kant by AC Mcgiffert 1911

The development of theology in Germany since Kant by Otto Pfleiderer 1890

The Kantian and Lutheran elements in Ritschls conception of God by GD Walcott 1904

The Kantian epistemology and theism by CW Hodge 1894

The Metaphysic of Ethics-Kant 1871

Text-book to Kant: The Critique of Pure Reason; Aesthetic, Categories, Schematism 1881 (some pages have some text obliterated, but not much)

Kant by William Wallace (Biography) 1882

Kant by E Hubbard 1903

Kant's Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics by Paul Carus 1912

The life of Immanuel Kant by JHW Stuckenberg 1882

Kant on Education 1899

Swedenborg Versus Berkeley, Kant, Coleridge by William Harbey 1846 (some pages missing - very old scan)

An introduction to the critical philosophy by William Monck 1874

Supplement to Theology and science of Government- Being a review of a book by Immanuel Kant, called Critique of pure reason by John Harris 1874

Lectures on the Philosophy of Kant and other philosophical lectures & essays by Harry Sidgwick 1905

Kant's critical philosophy for English readers 1915

The constitutive and regulative principles in Kant by Elijah Jordan 1912

Schopenhauer's Criticism of Kant's theory of experience by RA Tsanoff 1911

Kant's inaugural dissertation of 1770 (1894)

Kant's principles of politics, including his essay on Perpetual peace 1891

The Crowning Phase of the Critical Philosophy - a study in Kant's Critique of judgment by Robert Macmillan 1912

Seneca and Kant - An exposition of stoic and rationalistic ethics, with a comparison and criticism of the two systems by William Jackson 1881

Theological Essays By Arnold van Couthen Piccardt Huizinga (Kant's Ethics Autonomic, But Wholly Unlike Modern Morality) 1918

Kantian ethics and the ethics of Evolution by Jacob Gould Schurman 1881

Dreams of a Spirit Seer by Kant 1900

Agnosticism and Religion by Jacob Gould Schurman (1896)
"With Kant and Hume (who provoked Kant into becoming a critical philosopher) we reach the fountain-heads of modern Agnosticism."

Religious Scepticism and Infidelity: Their History, Cause, Cure and Mission by John Alfred Langford 1850

Kant's Cosmogony as in his essay on the retardation of the rotation of the earth and his Natural history and theory of the heavens 1900

Modern cosmogonies by Agnes Clerke 1905

Philosophy and political economy in some of their historical relations by James Bonar 1922

Historical Materialism and the Economics of Karl Marx by B Croce 1914

Kant and Spencer - a study of the Fallacies of Agnosticism by Paul Carus 1904

Notes on philosophy since Kant by Alexander Ormond 1895

The Philosophical Radicals and other essays, with chapters reprinted on the philosophy of religion in Kant and Hegel by A Seth Pringle-Pattison 1907

The principle of teleology in the critical philosophy of Kant by David Major 1897

The doctrine of the transcendent use of the principle of causality in Kant, Herbart and Lotze by Frank H Foster 1882

History of the Christian philosophy of religion from the reformation to Kant by Bernhard Punjer 1887

An outline of the history of Christian thought since Kant by Edward C Moore 1912

A sketch of the development of philosophic thought from Thales to Kant by Ludwig Noire 1900

A Syllabus of Logic in which the views of Kant are generally adopted, and the laws of syllogism symbolically expressed by Thomas Solly 1839

Historical Studies in Philosophy by Emile Boutroux 1912

Ten blind leaders of the blind by Arthur M Lewis 1910 (Benjamin Kidd, Henry George, Immanuel Kant, Richard T. Ely, Cesare Lombroso, Max Stirner, Thomas Carlyle, Albert Schaffle, Auguste Comte, Bishop Spalding)

Critical essays on a Few Subjects connected with the history and present condition of speculative philosophy by Francos Bowen 1842 (Locke and the transcendentalists, Kant and his philosophy, Fichte's exposition of Kant, Philosophy applied to theology, The philosophy of Cousin, Paley: the argument for the being of a God, Subject continued: the union of theology and metaphysics, Berkeley and his philosophy, Elements of moral science, Political ethics)

Seekers after soul by John O Knott 1907 (Job: the soul's pathfinder, Plato: intimations of immortality, Kant: a protest against materialism, Hegel: theistic evolution, Persistence of ideas: the spirit in the trend of thought, Robert Browning: the subtle assertor of the soul)

Lectures on Modern Idealism by Josiah Royce 1919 (Kant's conception of the nature and the conditions of knowledge. -- The modification of Kant's conception of the self)

Modern Thinkers and Present Problems, an approach to modern philosophy through its history by E.A. Singer 1923

Selections from the Literature of Theism by Alfred Caldecott 1904

A Criticism of the Critical Philosophy by James McCosh 1884

Religion within the Boundary of Pure Reason by I. Kant 1838

Physical Realism, being an analytical philosophy from the physical objects of science to the physical data of sense 1888

Elements of General Philosophy by George Robertson 1896

Modern theories in philosophy and religion by John Tulloch 1884

Humanism, Philosophical Essays by FCS Schiller 1912

The Philosophy of Law, an exposition of the fundamental principles of jurisprudence as the science of right by I. Kant 1887

Letters of eminent persons, addressed to David Hume 1849

A History of Political Theories, Volume 1 by William Dunning 1920

A History of Political Theories, Volume 2 by William Dunning 1920

A History of Political Theories, Volume 3 by William Dunning 1920

Prophets of Dissent; essays on Maeterlinck, Strindberg, Nietzsche, and Tolstoy by Otto Heller 1918

A Visit to Elizabeth Foerster-Nietzsche, article in Open Court 1920

Will Nietzsche Come into Vogue in America, article in Current Opinion 1910

Nietzsche's Melancholia, article in The Johns Hopkins alumni magazine 1920

The Tragedy of a Thinker, article on Macmillan's magazine 1900

The Ideals of Anarchy - F. Nietzsche, article in The Quarterly Review

Nietzsche, by Walter E Peck 1913

The Philosophy of Nietzsche by Johannes Broene, article in The American journal of religious psychology 1911

The Philosophy of Nietzsche; an exposition and an appreciation by Georges Chatterton-Hill 1913

The Quintessence of Nietzsche by John McFarland Kennedy (3 pages have ink stains) 1910

Nietzsche and the Latest Philosophy, article in The Living Age 1913

The life of Friedrich Nietzsche by Daniel Halevy 1962

The Philosophy of Nietzsche by A. Wolf 1915

Nietzsche and Art by Anthony Ludovici 1911

Selected letters of Friedrich Nietzsche 1921

The Morals of an Immoralist, article in Ethics 1909 ("Let there be no mistake about it; what fires us still, unbelievers and all, is the old Christian belief, which was also Plato ’s belief, that God is the truth, that truth is divine. How then if this should seem every day more incredible, if God himself should prove to be our oldest lie?”)

Nietzsche Madness, article in The Bibliotheca sacra 1912

Nietzsche: A note, article in Books and Authors 1922

New Revelations of Nietzsche, article in Current opinion 1906

The Nietzschean Idea and the Christian Ideal, article in The American Catholic quarterly review 1916

Gospels of Anarchy by Vernon Lee 1908

The Will to Beauty, a Continuation of the Philosophies of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche by Abraham Kanovitch 1922

The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche by Frank Thilly 1905

An Introductory Word on Neitzsche, article in The Harvard theological review 1913

H.L. Mencken by Burton Rasco 1920 (Nietzsche was an influence of Mencken)

Human Degeneration, article in The University magazine and free review 1900

Germany and the Bible, plus, Critical Estimates of Nietzsche's Philosophy, article in Bibliotheca sacra 1915

The Persistent Problems of Philosophy, an introduction to metaphysics through the study of modern systems by Mary Whiton Calkins 1917

Contemporary Philosophy in Germany, article in the philosophical review 1907

Nietzsche by Paul Elmer More 1912

The Eagle and the Serpent (periodical with many interesting article devoted to Nietzsche and Egoism) 160 pages. 1893

Nietzsche and Morals, article in The Forum 1910

Professor Seth's Attack on Nietzsche, article in The University magazine and free review 1899

The Truth about Nietzsche, article in The Dail 1912

A Preacher's Interest in Nietzsche, article in The American journal of theology 1915

Nietzsche and Darwinism, article in International quarterly 1900

Ernst Haeckel and F. Nietzsche, article in The Reformed church review 1908

A Critical Estimate of Nietzsche's Philosophy, article in Bibliotheca Sacra

The Philosopher Decadent, article about Nietzsche in The Dail 1897

Nietzsche and Other Exponents of Individualism by Paul Carus 1914

Man's place in the cosmos, and other essays By Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison (has a chapter called The Life and Opinions of Nietzsche)

Nietzsche - His Life and Works by AM Ludovici 1916

A Christian Reply to Nietzsche, article in Current Opinion 1908

On Reading Nietzsche by Emile Faguet 1918 ("But the state lieth in all languages of good and evil; and whatever it saith, it lieth; and whatever it hath, it hath stolen.)

Handbook of ethical theory by George Fullerton 1922 (has a section on "Kant, Hegel and Nietzsche" and Egoism)

The Gospel of Superman by JM Kennedy 1912

The Keynote to the Work of Nietzsche, article in the Mind 1902

Three Modern Seers: James Hinton, Nietzsche, Edward Carpenter by Mrs Havelock Ellis

The Will to Freedom - or the Gospel of Nietzsche and the Gospel of Christ by John Figgis 1917

The Birth of Tragedy, or, Hellenism and Pessimism 1909

On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense (1873)

Affirmations by Havelock Ellis 1915 (writing on Nietzsche, St Francis, Emile Zola etc)

German Philosophy and the War, article in the Biblical Review 1918

What Nietzsche Taught by Williard Wright 1915

Egoists, a book of Supermen by James Huneker 1901

Goethe Rather than Nietzsche, article in Open Court 1916

Article About Nietsche in The Freethinker 1895 ("Nietzsche is, frankly anti-Christian. He says, in effect: Blessed are the arrogant, for they shall inherit the earth. Blessed are the strong, for theirs is the kingdom of man. Be strong, for to be weak is to be miserable.")

Nietzsche the Thinker; a Study by William Salter 1917

Freidrich Nietzsche, article in Mother Earth 1912

Contemporary Criticisms of Friedrich Nietzsche, article in The Journal of Philosophy, psychology and scientific methods 1907

The philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche by HL Mencken 1908

The philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche by Grace Dolson 1901

Friedrich Nietzsche by William P Montague 1917

Nietzsche and his Influence, article in The Book Lover 1900

Nietzsche: An Appreciation, article in The Twentieth Century 1900

Nietzsche as a Tonic in War Time, article in The Sewanee review 1918

Ibsen, Emerson and Mietzsche - the Individualists, article by Prof. Lewis Worthington Smith 1911

The Bible under Trial in view of present-day assaults on Holy Scripture by James Orr 1907

Some Modern "Isms" (talks of Nietzscheism) by TC Johnson 1919

Friedrich Nietzsche - the Dionysian spirit of the age by AR Orage 1911

Nietzsche and Individualism, article in The Ideal review 1900

Immorality as a Philosophic Principle, and Friedrich Nietzsche's Uebermensch, 2 articles in the Monist 1899

Why Christianity Did not Prevent the War by Isaac Lansing 1918

The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche Volume 1 (Thoughts out of Season) 1910

The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche Volume 2 (Early Greek Philosophy)

The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche Volume 7 (Human, all too Human)

The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche Volume 8 (The Case of Wagner)

The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche Volume 9 (Dawn of Day)

The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche Volume 10 (The Joyful Wisdom)

The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche Volume 13 (The Genealogy of Morals)

Beyond Good and Evil by Nietzsche 1911

Assorted Opinions and Maxims by Friedrich Nietzsche 1869

THE ANTICHRIST by Friedrich Nietzsche

We Philologists by Friedrich Nietzsche 1874

The Twilight of the Idols by Friedrich Nietzsche 1896

The Wanderer and His Shadow by Friedrich Nietzsche 1880

Homer and Classical Philology 1869 by Friedrich Nietzsche

Thus spoke Zarathustra by Friedrich Nietzsche 1909

Christian belief in God. A German criticism of German materialistic philosophy by Goerge Wobbermin 1918

The War Against the Worlds View of Christianity, article in the Metaphysical Magazine 1907

Lectures and Essays on Natural Theology and Ethics (1898) by William Wallace (Nietzsche's criticism of morality)

The Young Nietzsche by Frau Forster Nietzsche 1912

Anarchism and Other Essays by Emma Goldman 1917

German philosophy and politics by John Dewey 1915

Egotism in German philosophy by G. Santayana 1916

The Fallacy of the German state philosophy by GW Crile 1918

History of modern philosophy by Richard Falckenberg 1893

A brief history of modern philosophy by H Hoffding 1912

Modern thinkers and present problems by Edgar Singer 1922

A history of European thought in the nineteenth century by JT Merz 1907

The world's legal philosophies by Fritz Berolzheimer 1912

The German classics of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by K Francke 1913

The Progress of the century by Alfred Russell Wallace 1901

The World as Will and Idea, Volume 1 by Arthur Schopenhauer - 1906

The World as Will and Idea, Volume 2 by Arthur Schopenhauer - 1906

The World as Will and Idea, Volume 3 by Arthur Schopenhauer - 1906

Schopenhauer by Thomas Whittaker 1909

Schopenhauer by M Beer 1914

Life of Arthur Schopenhauer by Williamn Wallace 1890

Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer 1893

Arthur Schopenhauer, his life and Philosophy by Helen Zimmern 1876

The Wisdom of Life, being the first part of Arthur Schopenhauer's Aphorismen zur Lebensweisheit 1890

Religion: a Dialogue, and other Essays by Arthur Schopenhauer 1915

Studies in Pessimism by Arthur Schopenhauer 1913

The Phenomenology of Mind, Volume 1 by Hegel 1910

The Phenomenology of Mind, Volume 2 by Hegel 1910

Hegel's Philosophy of Right 1896

Hegel's Philosophy of Mind 1894

Hegel and Hegelianism by R. Mackintosh 1904

The Logic of Hegel 1892

Studies in Hegelian cosmology by John McTaggart 1901

Hegels Treatment of the Categories of Quantity 1904

Hegel's Esthetics- A Critical Exposition 1885

Hegel's doctrine of reflection by William T Harris 1881

Karl Marx by Achille Loria 1920

Karl Marx on Value by John W Scott 1920

Karl Marx, an Essay by Harold J Laski 1922

The Philosophy of Marx by Harry Waton 1921

Karl Marx and the (American) Civil War by Hermann Schluter 1921

The Marx he Knew by John Spargo 1909

Karl Marx, the man and his work by Karl Dannenberg 1918

Marxian Economics - a popular introduction to the Three Volumes of Marx's "Capital" 1911 by Ernest Untermann

The Social Interpretation of History; a refutation of the Marxian Economic Interpretation of History by Maurice William 1921

A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy by Karl Marx 1901

The Life of Jesus Critically Examined by David Friedrich Strauss 1892 (Strauss scandalized Christian Europe with his portrayal of the "historical Jesus," whose divine nature he denied.)

The Old Faith and the New - a Confession by David Friedrich Strauss 1873

The Resurrection of Jesus Christ with an examination of the Speculations of Strauss by Robert Macpherson

The Theology of Albrecht Ritschl by Albert Swing 1901

Albrecht Ritschl and his School by R Mackintosh 1915

Faith and morals - Faith as Ritschl defined it, by Wilhelm Herrmann 1904

Selected Sermons of Schleiermacher 1890

The Kantian and Lutheran elements in Ritschl's conception of God by G Walcott 1904

Metaphysical Presuppositions of Ritschl 1905 by Wilfred Currier Keirstead

New Aspects of the Theological War in Germany, article in Current Opinion 1908

Fragments from Reimarus - Brief Critical Remarks on the Object of Jesus and his Disciples as seen in the New Testament 1879

Ritschlianism- an essay by John Mozleyn 1909

The Christian doctrine of justification and reconciliation by Albrecht Ritschl 1900

A Critical History of the Christian doctrine of justification and reconciliation by Albrecht Ritschl 1872

Are the Critics right? Historical & Critical Considerations against the Graf-Wellhausen hypothesis by W Moller 1903

The Mosaic Authorship of the Pentateuch Defended against the views and arguments of Voltaire, Paine, Colenso, Reuss, Graf, Keunen and Wellhausen by David Macdill 1896

What is Christianity? by Adolf von Harnack 1902

An Examination of Harnack's 'What is Christianity' by William Sanday 1901

The Apostles' Creed by Adolf von Harnack 1901

Thoughts on the present position of Protestantism by Adolf von Harnack 1899

The Constitution and law of the Church in the First 2 centuries by Adolf von Harnack 1910

Bible reading in the Early Church by Adolf von Harnack 1912

The Date of the Acts and of the Synoptic Gospels by Adolf von Harnack 1911

Luke the physician, the author of the 3rd Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles by Adolf von Harnack 1911

Monasticism - its ideals and history and The confessions of St. Augustine by Adolf von Harnack 1901

The Book of Psalms Critical Edition of the Hebrew text printed in colors, with notes by J. Wellhausen

Sketch of the History of Israel and Judah 1891 by Julius Wellhausen

PROLEGOMENA to the HISTORY OF ISRAEL by Julius Wellhausen 1885 (Wellhausen here advances a definitive formulation of the Documentary hypothesis, arguing that the Torah or Pentateuch had its origins in a redaction of four originally independent texts dating from several centuries after the time of Moses, their traditional author.)

Christology of the Old Testament Volume 1 by Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg 1861

Christology of the Old Testament Volume 2 by Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg 1861

Christology of the Old Testament Volume 3 by Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg 1861

Christology of the Old Testament Volume 4 by Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg 1861

The Prophecies of the Prophet Ezekiel elucidated by Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg 1869

German Theology, article in The Contemporary Review 1871

An Historical enquiry into the probable causes of the rationalist character lately predominant in the theology of Germany by EB Pusey 1828

German Anti-Supernaturalism - 6 Lectures on Strauss's Life of Jesus 1841

History of German Theology in the 19th Century by F Lichtenberger 1889

The development of theology in Germany since Kant 1890 by Otto Pfleiderer

Introductions to the Dialogues of Plato by Friedrich Schleiermacher 1836

The Theology of Schleiermacher 1911

Brief Outline of the Study of Theology by Friedrich Schleiermacher 1850

Selections from the Literature of Theism (with articles by Schleiermacher and Ritschl) 1904

The Christian faith in Outline by Friedrich Schleiermacher 1922

The Life of Schleiermacher, Volume 1, by F. Rowan 1860

The Life of Schleiermacher, Volume 2, by F. Rowan 1860

Schleiermacher - a Critical and Historical study by W.B. Selbie 1913

A Critical Essay on the Gospel of St. Luke by Friedrich Schleiermacher 1825

Germany; its Universities, Theology and Religion with sketches of Neander, Tholuck, Olshausen, Hengstenberg, Twesten, Nitzsch, Muller, Ullmann, Rothe, Dorner, Lange, Ebrard, Wichern, and other distinguished German divines of the age by P Schaff 1857

Kant, Lotze and Ritschl by L Stahlin 1889

A Reply to Harnack on the Essence of Christianity by Hermann Cremer 1903

Christianity and History by Adolf Harnack 1896

Essays on the Social Gospel by Adolf Harnack 1907

New Testament Studies - the Sayings of Jesus by Adolf Harnack 1908

Professor Harnack and his Oxford Critics by Thomas Saunders 1902

THE HIGHER CRITICISM: REASONS FOR CAUTION IN ACCEPTING ITS CONCLUSIONS. By Rev. W. Frank Scott, article in The Magazine of Christian literature 1893

The Higher Criticism by Mrs. Florence Allen Taylor, article in The Metaphysical Magazine 1906

The Bankruptcy of the Higher Criticism, article in The Literary Digest 1905

The Holy Scriptures and the Higher Criticism, article in The American illustrated Methodist magazine 1901

Alleged Progress in Theology - Higher Criticism, Article in the Methodist Magazine 1891

Whither the Higher Criticism Tends, article in the Original Secession Magazine 1884

Theology in Transition and the Bible in Suspence, article in the Wesleyan-Methodist magazine 1893

My Experience with Higher Criticism, article in the Protestant Magazine 1911

Is the Higher Criticism Scientific? Article in The Review of the Churches Magazine 1892

Present Position of Pentateuch Criticism, article in the Unitarian Review and Religious Magazine 1886

Modern Criticism of the Pentateuch: Objections to it by Matthew Leitch, article in The Treasury - a magazine for Evangelicals 1891

History of Dogma, Volume 1 by Adolf Harnack 1895

History of Dogma, Volume 2 by Adolf Harnack 1895

History of Dogma, Volume 3 by Adolf Harnack 1895

History of Dogma, Volume 4 by Adolf Harnack 1895

History of Dogma, Volume 5 by Adolf Harnack 1895

History of Dogma, Volume 6 by Adolf Harnack 1895

History of Dogma, Volume 7 by Adolf Harnack 1895

Outlines of the history of Dogma by Adolf Harnack 1893

The Expansion of Christianity in the first three centuries by Adolf Harnack 1904 Volume 1

The Expansion of Christianity in the first three centuries by Adolf Harnack 1904 Volume 2

Sources of the Apostolic Canons by Adolf Harnack 1895

Essays and Addresses on the Philosophy of Religion by F Hugel 1921

Remarks on Biblical Criticism, article in Bibliotheca Sacra 1849

Protestantism and Progress; a Historical Study of the relation of Protestantism to the modern world by Ernst Troeltsch 1912

Troeltsch vs Ritschl, article in Anglican theological review 1918

The Idea of Dogmatic Theology, article in The Princeton theological review 1908

Studies in Philosophy and Theology by Emil Carl Wilm

History of Rationalism, embracing a survey of the present state of Protestant theology by JF Hurst 1865

Creeds or no creeds? A Critical Examination of the Basis of Modernism 1922 by Charles Harris

Essays on the supernatural origin of Christianity with special reference to the theories of Renan, Strauss, and the Tübingen school by George Fisher 1871

The Tübingen School and its Antecedents by Robert Mackay 1863

On Religion by F. Schleiermacher 1893

Schleiermacher: Personal and Speculative by Robert Munro 1903

The Church History of the First Three Centuries Volume 1 by Ferdinand Christian Baur 1878

The Church History of the First Three Centuries Volume 2 by Ferdinand Christian Baur 1878

Paul the apostle of Jesus Christ, his life and work, his epistles and his doctrine. A contribution to the critical history of primitive Christianity by Ferdinand Christian Baur 1876 Volume 1

Paul the apostle of Jesus Christ, his life and work, his epistles and his doctrine. A contribution to the critical history of primitive Christianity by Ferdinand Christian Baur 1876 Volume 2

The Philosophy of Ernest Renan by H Brauer 1903

Strauss and Renan by Ed Zeller 1866

Renan's Life of Jesus 1897

The Christ of history - Renan 1868

Thought And Religion Or The Mutual Contributions Of Philosophy And Theology by James Lowber 1912

Has Old Testament Criticism Collapsed? article in The Harvard Theological review 1910

The Thinker - a review of world-wide Christian thought 1892

Darwin and Hegel, by David Ritchie 1893

Hegel's Concept of God, article in The Philosophical Review 1896

Lectures on Philosophy and Religion by Hegel, Volume 1 1895

For a list of all of my books, with links, click here