This Day in History: Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake on this day in 1600 for the crime of heresy. His crimes were believing in the heliocentric system of the universe, but mostly for his denial of eternal damnation, the Trinity, the divinity of Christ, the virginity of Mary, and transubstantiation. Hegel wrote that Bruno's life represented "a bold rejection of all Catholic beliefs resting on mere authority."
"Unitarians do not find in the Bible or in reason any warrant for accepting the doctrine of the Trinity; they believe that Jesus represented himself as being, not God the Son, but the son of God, our brother, the reconciler of man to God, not of God to man. They believe that history makes it clear that the early Christian church was not Trinitarian, but Unitarian, and that the doctrines of the deity of Christ and of the Trinity came into Christianity only by degrees, and as corruptions from outside,- never being accepted by the church in any authoritative way until the council of Nicea in the year 325. They also believe that in this manner the doctrines of vicarious or substitutional atonement, total depravity, the infallibility of the Bible, etc., came in from without as corruptions of the Christian stream, and at points that are easily traced. Hence a leading aim of Unitarianism in all its later history has been to get back to the simplicity and purity of the teachings of Christ.
In the great controversy that culminated at Nicea, Athanasius was the leader of the Trinitarian party, and Arms of the Unitarian. The decision was long doubtful, but was finally turned by the Emperor Constantine in favor of the Trinitarians. Trinitarianism being thus adopted as the state religion, Unitarianism began to decline; and after the rise of the Roman Catholic church was gradually crushed out. However, Ulfilas, the eminent missionary to the Goths in the fourth century, was a Unitarian, and the Gothic nations continued to hold Christianity in its Unitarian form for several centuries.
With the revival of letters, and especially with the appearance of the Protestant Reformation in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Unitarianism reappeared and came somewhat prominently to the front. Many noted scholars, writers, preachers, and martyrs of those times were Unitarians; among them being Servetus, Lelius and Faustas Socinus, Bernardino Ochino, Blandrata, and Francis David. The celebrated Giordano Bruno, though not calling himself a Unitarian, was in the exact line of Unitarian thought. As the Roman Catholics persecuted the Protestants, so both Catholics and Protestants combined to persecute the Unitarians." The Unitarian, 1890
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