Philosopher Karl Popper on This Day in History

 

This day in history: Philosopher, academic and social commentator Karl Popper was born on this day in 1902. One of his greatest works was "The Open Society and Its Enemies." 

"An open society is a place that has a lot of intellectual pluralism and a lot of diversity of viewpoints. Instead of trying to eliminate bias by eliminating biased people, or instead of eliminating wrong hypotheses by eliminating the people who hold those hypotheses, it instead tries to pit bias and prejudice against other biases and prejudices.

It does that by forcing contention, forcing critical argument, and forcing people to persuade each other over time. That's really what science is. It's really what journalism is. It's what all the professions that are engaged in the reality-based community are ultimately trying to do: use these tools of critical comparison and discourse to persuade each other. It takes physical coercion off the table. One way to prove that Nick Gillespie is wrong would be to shoot him, right? That's the most traditional way to do it. It gets rid of the hypothesis. It does not advance knowledge.

Karl Popper, among others, pointed out that the open society is incomparably better at producing knowledge than any other society, because it allows us to make errors and not be punished for making errors. It allows us to make errors, in fact, much more quickly. That's the secret of science. You make errors much faster.

It's also a more peaceful society, because you're settling differences of opinion without using coercion to do it. You're marginalizing bad ideas." Source

We need more of that, instead of the present day censorship and cancel culture.

Popper also criticized Hegel and Marx, knowing that their ideas led to the totalitarianism of the 20th century. He agreed with Schopenhauer's view that Hegel "was a flat-headed, insipid, nauseating, illiterate charlatan, who reached the pinnacle of audacity in scribbling together and dishing up the craziest mystifying nonsense."

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Contents of Disk (created on a Windows computer):

The Philosophy of Immanuel Kant by AD Lindsay 1913

Lectures on Modern Idealism by Josiah Royce 1919 (German idealism was a speculative philosophical movement that emerged in Germany in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It reacted against Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and was closely linked with both romanticism and the revolutionary politics of the Enlightenment.)

German Idealism and Prussian Militarism by Charles W Super 1916

God with Us - a Study in Religious Idealism by WR Gibson 1909

Schelling's transcendental idealism by John Watson 1882

Typical Modern Conceptions of God - The absolute of German romantic idealism and of English evolutionary agnosticism, with a constructive essay by Joseph A Leighton 1901

Fichte by Robert Adamson 1881

Memoir Of Johann Gottlieb Fichte by William Smith 1846

The Unity of Fichte's Doctrine of Knowledge by Anna B Thompson 1895

The Popular Works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Volume 1 1889

The Popular Works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Volume 2 1889

Fichte's Science of knowledge. A critical exposition by Charles C Everett 1884

The Fundamental Principle of Fichte's Philosophy by Ellen B Talbot 1906

The Doctrine of the Freedom of the Will in Fichte's Philosophy by John F Brown 1900

The Science of Knowledge by Johann Gottlieb Fichte 1889

The Vocation of Man by Fichte 1906

The Destination of Man by Fichte 1846

The Science of Ethics as Based on the Science of Knowledge by Fichte 1897

The Vocation of the Scholar by Fichte 1847

The Philosophy of F. H. Jacobi by AW Crawford 1905

Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi - a Study in the origin of German Realism by Norman Wilde 1894

The Ideas that have Influenced Civilization, Volume 1 by Oliver J Thatcher 1901

The Ideas that have Influenced Civilization, Volume 2 by Oliver J Thatcher 1901

The Ideas that have Influenced Civilization, Volume 4 by Oliver J Thatcher 1901

The Ideas that have Influenced Civilization, Volume 8 by Oliver J Thatcher 1901

The Ideas that have Influenced Civilization, Volume 9 by Oliver J Thatcher 1901

The Ideas that have Influenced Civilization, Volume 10 by Oliver J Thatcher 1901

Leibniz by JT Merz 1884

The Early Mathematical Manuscripts of Leibniz 1920

New Essays Concerning Human Understanding by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1896

Leibniz's new essays concerning the human understanding - a critical exposition by John Dewey 1888

The Conception of a Kingdom of Ends in Augustine, Aquinas, and Leibniz by Ella H Stokes 1912

A New Interpretation of Herbart's Psychology and educational theory through the philosophy of Leibniz by John Davidson 1906

A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz by Bertrand Russell 1900

Discourse on Metaphysics, and Monadology by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1902

The Philosophical Works of Leibnitz 1908

Life of Godfrey William von Leibnitz by John Milton Mackie 1845

A System of Theology by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1850

A Survey of Symbolic Logic by Clarence Lewis 1918

Feuerbach, the Roots of the Socialist Philosophy by Friedrich Engels, 1903

The Essence of Christianity by Ludwig Feuerbach 1855

German Philosophy and Politics by John Dewey 1915

The Educational Theory of Immanuel Kant 1908

Agnosticism in Kant, article in the Princeton Review 1880

A Commentary to Kant's 'Critique of pure reason' by Norman Kemp Smith 1918

The Philosophy of Kant explained by John Watson 1908

With what right is Kant's Critique of pure reason called a Theory of Experience by John Henry Bell 1899

The Critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant, Volume 1 by Edward Caird 1909

The Critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant, Volume 2 by Edward Caird 1909

A Critique of Kant by Kuno Fisher 1888

Kant's Introduction to Logic 1885

Critique of Pure Kant - A real realism vs. a Fictitious Idealism; in a word, the bubble and monstrosity of the Kantian metaphysic by Charles Wheeler 1911

The Epistemological Function of the "Thing in Itself" in Kant's philosophy by Albert Ross Hill 1905

Kant and his English Critics- A comparison of critical and empirical philosophy by John Watson 1881

Kant's Prolegomena, and Metaphysical foundations of natural science by Ernest Bax 1883

The Principle of Synthetic Unity in Berkeley and Kant by Samuel Dick 1898

An outline introductory to Kant's "Critique of pure reason" by RM Wenley 1897

A Study of Kant by James Ward 1922

Kant and his Philosophical Revolution by RM Wenley 1910

Kant's Ethics and Schopenhauer's Criticism by Michael Kelly 1910

Historical survey of speculative philosophy from Kant to Hegel by HM Chalybaus 1854

The Philosophy of Kant by Victor Cousin 1854

The Formal and Material Elements of Kant's Ethics by WM Washington 1898

Pragmatic Elements in Kant's Philosophy by Charles Witter 1913

Kant's Doctrine of Teleology by Elijah Kresge 1914

Kant's theory of knowledge by HA Prichard 1909

An Introduction to Kant's Critical Philosophy by George Whitney 1914

Kant, Lotze and Ritschl by L Stahlin 1889

Kant and [Herbert] Spencer, a critical exposition by BP Bowne 1910

Kant's philosophy as rectified by Schopenhauer by Michael Kelly 1909

Kant's Ethics -  A critical exposition by Noah Porter 1886

Immanuel Kant, A study and a comparison with Goethe, Leonardo da Vinci, Bruno, Plato and Descartes by HS Chamberlain Volume 1, 1914

Immanuel Kant, A study and a comparison with Goethe, Leonardo da Vinci, Bruno, Plato and Descartes by HS Chamberlain Volume 2, 1914

Kant's doctrine of freedom by Edmund Miller 1913

Kant's Critique of Judgement 1914

Kant's Critique of Aesthetic Judgement 1911

On the Philosophy of Kant by Robert Adamson 1879

Critique of Practical Reason - Kant 1889

Critique of Pure Reason Volume 1 - Kant 1881

Critique of Pure Reason Volume 2 - Kant 1881

Immanuel Kant- his life and doctrine by F Paulsen 1902

Kant - The Science of Right 1790

Philosophy from DesCartes to Kant by Prof Ormond

Protestant thought before Kant by AC Mcgiffert 1911

The development of theology in Germany since Kant by Otto Pfleiderer 1890

The Kantian and Lutheran elements in Ritschls conception of God by GD Walcott 1904

The Kantian epistemology and theism by CW Hodge 1894

The Metaphysic of Ethics-Kant 1871

Text-book to Kant: The Critique of Pure Reason; Aesthetic, Categories, Schematism 1881 (some pages have some text obliterated, but not much)

Kant by William Wallace (Biography) 1882

Kant by E Hubbard 1903

Kant's Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics by Paul Carus 1912

The life of Immanuel Kant by JHW Stuckenberg 1882

Kant on Education 1899

Swedenborg Versus Berkeley, Kant, Coleridge by William Harbey 1846 (some pages missing - very old scan)

An introduction to the critical philosophy by William Monck 1874

Supplement to Theology and science of Government- Being a review of a book by Immanuel Kant, called Critique of pure reason by John Harris 1874

Lectures on the Philosophy of Kant and other philosophical lectures & essays by Harry Sidgwick 1905

Kant's critical philosophy for English readers 1915

The constitutive and regulative principles in Kant by Elijah Jordan 1912

Schopenhauer's Criticism of Kant's theory of experience by RA Tsanoff 1911

Kant's inaugural dissertation of 1770 (1894)

Kant's principles of politics, including his essay on Perpetual peace 1891

The Crowning Phase of the Critical Philosophy - a study in Kant's Critique of judgment by Robert Macmillan 1912

Seneca and Kant - An exposition of stoic and rationalistic ethics, with a comparison and criticism of the two systems by William Jackson 1881

Theological Essays By Arnold van Couthen Piccardt Huizinga (Kant's Ethics Autonomic, But Wholly Unlike Modern Morality) 1918

Kantian ethics and the ethics of Evolution by Jacob Gould Schurman 1881

Dreams of a Spirit Seer by Kant 1900

Agnosticism and Religion by Jacob Gould Schurman (1896)
"With Kant and Hume (who provoked Kant into becoming a critical philosopher) we reach the fountain-heads of modern Agnosticism."

Religious Scepticism and Infidelity: Their History, Cause, Cure and Mission by John Alfred Langford 1850

Kant's Cosmogony as in his essay on the retardation of the rotation of the earth and his Natural history and theory of the heavens 1900

Modern cosmogonies by Agnes Clerke 1905

Philosophy and political economy in some of their historical relations by James Bonar 1922

Historical Materialism and the Economics of Karl Marx by B Croce 1914

Kant and Spencer - a study of the Fallacies of Agnosticism by Paul Carus 1904

Notes on philosophy since Kant by Alexander Ormond 1895

The Philosophical Radicals and other essays, with chapters reprinted on the philosophy of religion in Kant and Hegel by A Seth Pringle-Pattison 1907

The principle of teleology in the critical philosophy of Kant by David Major 1897

The doctrine of the transcendent use of the principle of causality in Kant, Herbart and Lotze by Frank H Foster 1882

History of the Christian philosophy of religion from the reformation to Kant by Bernhard Punjer 1887

An outline of the history of Christian thought since Kant by Edward C Moore 1912

A sketch of the development of philosophic thought from Thales to Kant by Ludwig Noire 1900

A Syllabus of Logic in which the views of Kant are generally adopted, and the laws of syllogism symbolically expressed by Thomas Solly 1839

Historical Studies in Philosophy by Emile Boutroux 1912

Ten blind leaders of the blind by Arthur M Lewis 1910 (Benjamin Kidd, Henry George, Immanuel Kant, Richard T. Ely, Cesare Lombroso, Max Stirner, Thomas Carlyle, Albert Schaffle, Auguste Comte, Bishop Spalding)

Critical essays on a Few Subjects connected with the history and present condition of speculative philosophy by Francos Bowen 1842 (Locke and the transcendentalists, Kant and his philosophy, Fichte's exposition of Kant, Philosophy applied to theology, The philosophy of Cousin, Paley: the argument for the being of a God, Subject continued: the union of theology and metaphysics, Berkeley and his philosophy, Elements of moral science, Political ethics)

Seekers after soul by John O Knott 1907 (Job: the soul's pathfinder, Plato: intimations of immortality, Kant: a protest against materialism, Hegel: theistic evolution, Persistence of ideas: the spirit in the trend of thought, Robert Browning: the subtle assertor of the soul)

Lectures on Modern Idealism by Josiah Royce 1919 (Kant's conception of the nature and the conditions of knowledge. -- The modification of Kant's conception of the self)

Modern Thinkers and Present Problems, an approach to modern philosophy through its history by E.A. Singer 1923

Selections from the Literature of Theism by Alfred Caldecott 1904

A Criticism of the Critical Philosophy by James McCosh 1884

Religion within the Boundary of Pure Reason by I. Kant 1838

Physical Realism, being an analytical philosophy from the physical objects of science to the physical data of sense 1888

Elements of General Philosophy by George Robertson 1896

Modern theories in philosophy and religion by John Tulloch 1884

Humanism, Philosophical Essays by FCS Schiller 1912

The Philosophy of Law, an exposition of the fundamental principles of jurisprudence as the science of right by I. Kant 1887

Letters of eminent persons, addressed to David Hume 1849

A History of Political Theories, Volume 1 by William Dunning 1920

A History of Political Theories, Volume 2 by William Dunning 1920

A History of Political Theories, Volume 3 by William Dunning 1920

Prophets of Dissent; essays on Maeterlinck, Strindberg, Nietzsche, and Tolstoy by Otto Heller 1918

A Visit to Elizabeth Foerster-Nietzsche, article in Open Court 1920

Will Nietzsche Come into Vogue in America, article in Current Opinion 1910

Nietzsche's Melancholia, article in The Johns Hopkins alumni magazine 1920

The Tragedy of a Thinker, article on Macmillan's magazine 1900

The Ideals of Anarchy - F. Nietzsche, article in The Quarterly Review

Nietzsche, by Walter E Peck 1913

The Philosophy of Nietzsche by Johannes Broene, article in The American journal of religious psychology 1911

The Philosophy of Nietzsche; an exposition and an appreciation by Georges Chatterton-Hill 1913

The Quintessence of Nietzsche by John McFarland Kennedy (3 pages have ink stains) 1910

Nietzsche and the Latest Philosophy, article in The Living Age 1913

The life of Friedrich Nietzsche by Daniel Halevy 1962

The Philosophy of Nietzsche by A. Wolf 1915

Nietzsche and Art by Anthony Ludovici 1911

Selected letters of Friedrich Nietzsche 1921

The Morals of an Immoralist, article in Ethics 1909 ("Let there be no mistake about it; what fires us still, unbelievers and all, is the old Christian belief, which was also Plato ’s belief, that God is the truth, that truth is divine. How then if this should seem every day more incredible, if God himself should prove to be our oldest lie?”)

Nietzsche Madness, article in The Bibliotheca sacra 1912

Nietzsche: A note, article in Books and Authors 1922

New Revelations of Nietzsche, article in Current opinion 1906

The Nietzschean Idea and the Christian Ideal, article in The American Catholic quarterly review 1916

Gospels of Anarchy by Vernon Lee 1908

The Will to Beauty, a Continuation of the Philosophies of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche by Abraham Kanovitch 1922

The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche by Frank Thilly 1905

An Introductory Word on Neitzsche, article in The Harvard theological review 1913

H.L. Mencken by Burton Rasco 1920 (Nietzsche was an influence of Mencken)

Human Degeneration, article in The University magazine and free review 1900

Germany and the Bible, plus, Critical Estimates of Nietzsche's Philosophy, article in Bibliotheca sacra 1915

The Persistent Problems of Philosophy, an introduction to metaphysics through the study of modern systems by Mary Whiton Calkins 1917

Contemporary Philosophy in Germany, article in the philosophical review 1907

Nietzsche by Paul Elmer More 1912

The Eagle and the Serpent (periodical with many interesting article devoted to Nietzsche and Egoism) 160 pages. 1893

Nietzsche and Morals, article in The Forum 1910

Professor Seth's Attack on Nietzsche, article in The University magazine and free review 1899

The Truth about Nietzsche, article in The Dail 1912

A Preacher's Interest in Nietzsche, article in The American journal of theology 1915

Nietzsche and Darwinism, article in International quarterly 1900

Ernst Haeckel and F. Nietzsche, article in The Reformed church review 1908

A Critical Estimate of Nietzsche's Philosophy, article in Bibliotheca Sacra

The Philosopher Decadent, article about Nietzsche in The Dail 1897

Nietzsche and Other Exponents of Individualism by Paul Carus 1914

Man's place in the cosmos, and other essays By Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison (has a chapter called The Life and Opinions of Nietzsche)

Nietzsche - His Life and Works by AM Ludovici 1916

A Christian Reply to Nietzsche, article in Current Opinion 1908

On Reading Nietzsche by Emile Faguet 1918 ("But the state lieth in all languages of good and evil; and whatever it saith, it lieth; and whatever it hath, it hath stolen.)

Handbook of ethical theory by George Fullerton 1922 (has a section on "Kant, Hegel and Nietzsche" and Egoism)

The Gospel of Superman by JM Kennedy 1912

The Keynote to the Work of Nietzsche, article in the Mind 1902

Three Modern Seers: James Hinton, Nietzsche, Edward Carpenter by Mrs Havelock Ellis

The Will to Freedom - or the Gospel of Nietzsche and the Gospel of Christ by John Figgis 1917

The Birth of Tragedy, or, Hellenism and Pessimism 1909

On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense (1873)

Affirmations by Havelock Ellis 1915 (writing on Nietzsche, St Francis, Emile Zola etc)

German Philosophy and the War, article in the Biblical Review 1918

What Nietzsche Taught by Williard Wright 1915

Egoists, a book of Supermen by James Huneker 1901

Goethe Rather than Nietzsche, article in Open Court 1916

Article About Nietsche in The Freethinker 1895 ("Nietzsche is, frankly anti-Christian. He says, in effect: Blessed are the arrogant, for they shall inherit the earth. Blessed are the strong, for theirs is the kingdom of man. Be strong, for to be weak is to be miserable.")

Nietzsche the Thinker; a Study by William Salter 1917

Freidrich Nietzsche, article in Mother Earth 1912

Contemporary Criticisms of Friedrich Nietzsche, article in The Journal of Philosophy, psychology and scientific methods 1907

The philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche by HL Mencken 1908

The philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche by Grace Dolson 1901

Friedrich Nietzsche by William P Montague 1917

Nietzsche and his Influence, article in The Book Lover 1900

Nietzsche: An Appreciation, article in The Twentieth Century 1900

Nietzsche as a Tonic in War Time, article in The Sewanee review 1918

Ibsen, Emerson and Mietzsche - the Individualists, article by Prof. Lewis Worthington Smith 1911

The Bible under Trial in view of present-day assaults on Holy Scripture by James Orr 1907

Some Modern "Isms" (talks of Nietzscheism) by TC Johnson 1919

Friedrich Nietzsche - the Dionysian spirit of the age by AR Orage 1911

Nietzsche and Individualism, article in The Ideal review 1900

Immorality as a Philosophic Principle, and Friedrich Nietzsche's Uebermensch, 2 articles in the Monist 1899

Why Christianity Did not Prevent the War by Isaac Lansing 1918

The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche Volume 1 (Thoughts out of Season) 1910

The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche Volume 2 (Early Greek Philosophy)

The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche Volume 7 (Human, all too Human)

The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche Volume 8 (The Case of Wagner)

The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche Volume 9 (Dawn of Day)

The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche Volume 10 (The Joyful Wisdom)

The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche Volume 13 (The Genealogy of Morals)

Beyond Good and Evil by Nietzsche 1911

Assorted Opinions and Maxims by Friedrich Nietzsche 1869

THE ANTICHRIST by Friedrich Nietzsche

We Philologists by Friedrich Nietzsche 1874

The Twilight of the Idols by Friedrich Nietzsche 1896

The Wanderer and His Shadow by Friedrich Nietzsche 1880

Homer and Classical Philology 1869 by Friedrich Nietzsche

Thus spoke Zarathustra by Friedrich Nietzsche 1909

Christian belief in God. A German criticism of German materialistic philosophy by Goerge Wobbermin 1918

The War Against the Worlds View of Christianity, article in the Metaphysical Magazine 1907

Lectures and Essays on Natural Theology and Ethics (1898) by William Wallace (Nietzsche's criticism of morality)

The Young Nietzsche by Frau Forster Nietzsche 1912

Anarchism and Other Essays by Emma Goldman 1917

German philosophy and politics by John Dewey 1915

Egotism in German philosophy by G. Santayana 1916

The Fallacy of the German state philosophy by GW Crile 1918

History of modern philosophy by Richard Falckenberg 1893

A brief history of modern philosophy by H Hoffding 1912

Modern thinkers and present problems by Edgar Singer 1922

A history of European thought in the nineteenth century by JT Merz 1907

The world's legal philosophies by Fritz Berolzheimer 1912

The German classics of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by K Francke 1913

The Progress of the century by Alfred Russell Wallace 1901

The World as Will and Idea, Volume 1 by Arthur Schopenhauer - 1906

The World as Will and Idea, Volume 2 by Arthur Schopenhauer - 1906

The World as Will and Idea, Volume 3 by Arthur Schopenhauer - 1906

Schopenhauer by Thomas Whittaker 1909

Schopenhauer by M Beer 1914

Life of Arthur Schopenhauer by Williamn Wallace 1890

Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer 1893

Arthur Schopenhauer, his life and Philosophy by Helen Zimmern 1876

The Wisdom of Life, being the first part of Arthur Schopenhauer's Aphorismen zur Lebensweisheit 1890

Religion: a Dialogue, and other Essays by Arthur Schopenhauer 1915

Studies in Pessimism by Arthur Schopenhauer 1913

The Phenomenology of Mind, Volume 1 by Hegel 1910

The Phenomenology of Mind, Volume 2 by Hegel 1910

Hegel's Philosophy of Right 1896

Hegel's Philosophy of Mind 1894

Hegel and Hegelianism by R. Mackintosh 1904

The Logic of Hegel 1892

Studies in Hegelian cosmology by John McTaggart 1901

Hegels Treatment of the Categories of Quantity 1904

Hegel's Esthetics- A Critical Exposition 1885

Hegel's doctrine of reflection by William T Harris 1881

Karl Marx by Achille Loria 1920

Karl Marx on Value by John W Scott 1920

Karl Marx, an Essay by Harold J Laski 1922

The Philosophy of Marx by Harry Waton 1921

Karl Marx and the (American) Civil War by Hermann Schluter 1921

The Marx he Knew by John Spargo 1909

Karl Marx, the man and his work by Karl Dannenberg 1918

Marxian Economics - a popular introduction to the Three Volumes of Marx's "Capital" 1911 by Ernest Untermann

The Social Interpretation of History; a refutation of the Marxian Economic Interpretation of History by Maurice William 1921

A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy by Karl Marx 1901

The Life of Jesus Critically Examined by David Friedrich Strauss 1892 (Strauss scandalized Christian Europe with his portrayal of the "historical Jesus," whose divine nature he denied.)

The Old Faith and the New - a Confession by David Friedrich Strauss 1873

The Resurrection of Jesus Christ with an examination of the Speculations of Strauss by Robert Macpherson

The Theology of Albrecht Ritschl by Albert Swing 1901

Albrecht Ritschl and his School by R Mackintosh 1915

Faith and morals - Faith as Ritschl defined it, by Wilhelm Herrmann 1904

Selected Sermons of Schleiermacher 1890

The Kantian and Lutheran elements in Ritschl's conception of God by G Walcott 1904

Metaphysical Presuppositions of Ritschl 1905 by Wilfred Currier Keirstead

New Aspects of the Theological War in Germany, article in Current Opinion 1908

Fragments from Reimarus - Brief Critical Remarks on the Object of Jesus and his Disciples as seen in the New Testament 1879

Ritschlianism- an essay by John Mozleyn 1909

The Christian doctrine of justification and reconciliation by Albrecht Ritschl 1900

A Critical History of the Christian doctrine of justification and reconciliation by Albrecht Ritschl 1872

Are the Critics right? Historical & Critical Considerations against the Graf-Wellhausen hypothesis by W Moller 1903

The Mosaic Authorship of the Pentateuch Defended against the views and arguments of Voltaire, Paine, Colenso, Reuss, Graf, Keunen and Wellhausen by David Macdill 1896

What is Christianity? by Adolf von Harnack 1902

An Examination of Harnack's 'What is Christianity' by William Sanday 1901

The Apostles' Creed by Adolf von Harnack 1901

Thoughts on the present position of Protestantism by Adolf von Harnack 1899

The Constitution and law of the Church in the First 2 centuries by Adolf von Harnack 1910

Bible reading in the Early Church by Adolf von Harnack 1912

The Date of the Acts and of the Synoptic Gospels by Adolf von Harnack 1911

Luke the physician, the author of the 3rd Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles by Adolf von Harnack 1911

Monasticism - its ideals and history and The confessions of St. Augustine by Adolf von Harnack 1901

The Book of Psalms Critical Edition of the Hebrew text printed in colors, with notes by J. Wellhausen

Sketch of the History of Israel and Judah 1891 by Julius Wellhausen

PROLEGOMENA to the HISTORY OF ISRAEL by Julius Wellhausen 1885 (Wellhausen here advances a definitive formulation of the Documentary hypothesis, arguing that the Torah or Pentateuch had its origins in a redaction of four originally independent texts dating from several centuries after the time of Moses, their traditional author.)

Christology of the Old Testament Volume 1 by Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg 1861

Christology of the Old Testament Volume 2 by Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg 1861

Christology of the Old Testament Volume 3 by Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg 1861

Christology of the Old Testament Volume 4 by Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg 1861

The Prophecies of the Prophet Ezekiel elucidated by Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg 1869

German Theology, article in The Contemporary Review 1871

An Historical enquiry into the probable causes of the rationalist character lately predominant in the theology of Germany by EB Pusey 1828

German Anti-Supernaturalism - 6 Lectures on Strauss's Life of Jesus 1841

History of German Theology in the 19th Century by F Lichtenberger 1889

The development of theology in Germany since Kant 1890 by Otto Pfleiderer

Introductions to the Dialogues of Plato by Friedrich Schleiermacher 1836

The Theology of Schleiermacher 1911

Brief Outline of the Study of Theology by Friedrich Schleiermacher 1850

Selections from the Literature of Theism (with articles by Schleiermacher and Ritschl) 1904

The Christian faith in Outline by Friedrich Schleiermacher 1922

The Life of Schleiermacher, Volume 1, by F. Rowan 1860

The Life of Schleiermacher, Volume 2, by F. Rowan 1860

Schleiermacher - a Critical and Historical study by W.B. Selbie 1913

A Critical Essay on the Gospel of St. Luke by Friedrich Schleiermacher 1825

Germany; its Universities, Theology and Religion with sketches of Neander, Tholuck, Olshausen, Hengstenberg, Twesten, Nitzsch, Muller, Ullmann, Rothe, Dorner, Lange, Ebrard, Wichern, and other distinguished German divines of the age by P Schaff 1857

Kant, Lotze and Ritschl by L Stahlin 1889

A Reply to Harnack on the Essence of Christianity by Hermann Cremer 1903

Christianity and History by Adolf Harnack 1896

Essays on the Social Gospel by Adolf Harnack 1907

New Testament Studies - the Sayings of Jesus by Adolf Harnack 1908

Professor Harnack and his Oxford Critics by Thomas Saunders 1902

THE HIGHER CRITICISM: REASONS FOR CAUTION IN ACCEPTING ITS CONCLUSIONS. By Rev. W. Frank Scott, article in The Magazine of Christian literature 1893

The Higher Criticism by Mrs. Florence Allen Taylor, article in The Metaphysical Magazine 1906

The Bankruptcy of the Higher Criticism, article in The Literary Digest 1905

The Holy Scriptures and the Higher Criticism, article in The American illustrated Methodist magazine 1901

Alleged Progress in Theology - Higher Criticism, Article in the Methodist Magazine 1891

Whither the Higher Criticism Tends, article in the Original Secession Magazine 1884

Theology in Transition and the Bible in Suspence, article in the Wesleyan-Methodist magazine 1893

My Experience with Higher Criticism, article in the Protestant Magazine 1911

Is the Higher Criticism Scientific? Article in The Review of the Churches Magazine 1892

Present Position of Pentateuch Criticism, article in the Unitarian Review and Religious Magazine 1886

Modern Criticism of the Pentateuch: Objections to it by Matthew Leitch, article in The Treasury - a magazine for Evangelicals 1891

History of Dogma, Volume 1 by Adolf Harnack 1895

History of Dogma, Volume 2 by Adolf Harnack 1895

History of Dogma, Volume 3 by Adolf Harnack 1895

History of Dogma, Volume 4 by Adolf Harnack 1895

History of Dogma, Volume 5 by Adolf Harnack 1895

History of Dogma, Volume 6 by Adolf Harnack 1895

History of Dogma, Volume 7 by Adolf Harnack 1895

Outlines of the history of Dogma by Adolf Harnack 1893

The Expansion of Christianity in the first three centuries by Adolf Harnack 1904 Volume 1

The Expansion of Christianity in the first three centuries by Adolf Harnack 1904 Volume 2

Sources of the Apostolic Canons by Adolf Harnack 1895

Essays and Addresses on the Philosophy of Religion by F Hugel 1921

Remarks on Biblical Criticism, article in Bibliotheca Sacra 1849

Protestantism and Progress; a Historical Study of the relation of Protestantism to the modern world by Ernst Troeltsch 1912

Troeltsch vs Ritschl, article in Anglican theological review 1918

The Idea of Dogmatic Theology, article in The Princeton theological review 1908

Studies in Philosophy and Theology by Emil Carl Wilm

History of Rationalism, embracing a survey of the present state of Protestant theology by JF Hurst 1865

Creeds or no creeds? A Critical Examination of the Basis of Modernism 1922 by Charles Harris

Essays on the supernatural origin of Christianity with special reference to the theories of Renan, Strauss, and the Tübingen school by George Fisher 1871

The Tübingen School and its Antecedents by Robert Mackay 1863

On Religion by F. Schleiermacher 1893

Schleiermacher: Personal and Speculative by Robert Munro 1903

The Church History of the First Three Centuries Volume 1 by Ferdinand Christian Baur 1878

The Church History of the First Three Centuries Volume 2 by Ferdinand Christian Baur 1878

Paul the apostle of Jesus Christ, his life and work, his epistles and his doctrine. A contribution to the critical history of primitive Christianity by Ferdinand Christian Baur 1876 Volume 1

Paul the apostle of Jesus Christ, his life and work, his epistles and his doctrine. A contribution to the critical history of primitive Christianity by Ferdinand Christian Baur 1876 Volume 2

The Philosophy of Ernest Renan by H Brauer 1903

Strauss and Renan by Ed Zeller 1866

Renan's Life of Jesus 1897

The Christ of history - Renan 1868

Thought And Religion Or The Mutual Contributions Of Philosophy And Theology by James Lowber 1912

Has Old Testament Criticism Collapsed? article in The Harvard Theological review 1910

The Thinker - a review of world-wide Christian thought 1892

Darwin and Hegel, by David Ritchie 1893

Hegel's Concept of God, article in The Philosophical Review 1896

Lectures on Philosophy and Religion by Hegel, Volume 1 1895

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Contents of Download (created on a Windows computer):

Introduction to Speculative Logic and Philosophy by Augusto Vera 1873

Hegel's Logic by William T Harris 1890

Hegel's Logic - an Essay in Interpretation by John Grier Hibben 1902

Elements of Philosophy - Comprising Logic and Ontology by Walter H Hill 1879

Outlines of Logic by R Broughton MA 1898

Outlines of Logic and of Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Hermann Lotze 1887

A Brief Text-Book of Logic and Mental Philosophy by Charles Coppens 1891

A New System of Logic Adapted to Moral Philosophy by S.R. Bosanquet 1870

Fallacies - A View of Logic from the Practical Side by Alfred Sidgwick 1884

Studies in Logic 1883

An Introduction to the Study of Philosophy by E.V. Gerhart D.D. 1858

Outlines of Logic and Metaphysics by Johann Eduard Erdmann 1896

Mysticism and Logic by Bertrand Russell 1918

Rational Philosophy - The Laws of Thought of Formal Logic by William Poland 1892

An Outline of the Necessary Laws of Thought by William Thomson - a Treatise on Pure and Applied Logic 1863

Inductive Logic by WG Ballantine 1896

The Science of Thought by Charles Carroll Everett 1899

Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic by John Neville Keynes 1887

A Glance at Philosophy by Samuel G Goodrich 1852

A Short Introduction to the Study of Logic by Laurence Johnstone 1887

The Process of Argument by Alfred Sidgwick 1893

Hobbes's Leviathan - reprinted from the edition of 1651 (1909)

A Critical History of Modern English Jurisprudence: A Study in Logic, Politics, and Morality by George H. Smith

History of Ancient Philosophy by Wilhelm Windelband 1921

History of Modern Philosophy 1912 by Alfred Benn

The History And Theory Of Vitalism by Hans Dreich 1914

The Problems of Philosophy by Bertrand Russell 1912

Belief in God by Alfred Momerie 1886

The Idea of God in the light of Recent Philosophy by A. Seth Pringle Pattison 1920

Meditations of First Philosophy by Rene Descartes (searchable pdf)

The Principles of Philosophy by Rene Descartes (searchable pdf)

Philosophy of the Bible Vindicated by Cornelius O'Brien 1876

Meditations and selections from the Principles of Rene Descartes 1903

Rational Philosophy in History and in System, an Introduction to a Logical and Metaphysical Course by Alexander C. Fraser 1858

Christian ethics; or, Moral philosophy on the principles of divine revelation
by Ralph Wardlaw - 1834

Eclectic Moral Philosophy: Prepared for Literary Institutions and General Use
(Chapter on "Peculiarity of Bible Morals") by James Robert Boyd 1846

Suicide; Studies on Its Philosophy, Causes, and Prevention (some pages hard to read)
 By James J. O'Dea 1882

The God of Philosophy by Francis Aveling 1906

A General View of Positivism by Auguste Comte 1857

Methods of Knowledge - an essay in epistemology by Walter Smith 1899

The prevailing types of philosophy : can they logically reach reality by James McCosh 1890

SUMMA THEOLOGICA St Thomas Aquinas in 3 volumes (searchable PDF)

The Philosophy of the Bible 1918 by David Neumark, Professor of Jewish Philosophy
This book attempts the first scientific and popular presentation of the history of thought in biblical Judaism.

MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY by Karl Marx

Free will and four English philosophers by Joseph Rickaby - 1906

Free will and Destiny by St George Lane Fox Pitt 1920

Free Will and Human Responsibility by Herman H Horne 1912

Determinism Or Free-will? By Chapman Cohen 1912

Determinism from Hobbes to Hume by John Phelps Fruit 1895

Fated or Free? a Dialogue on Destiny by Preston William Slosson 1914

An Empirical Theory of Free Will, article in MIND - A QUARTERLY REVIEW OR PSYCHOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY 1879

Typical recent conceptions of freedom by Gertrude Carman Bussey 1917

Two Letters on Causation and Freedom in Willing, addressed to John Stuart Mill by Rowland G Hazard 1869

On Free Will by Alan Spencer Hawkesworth 1896

The Ethics of Freedom by George P Young 1919

The Problem of Freedom by George H Palmer 1911

A Criticism of Some Deterministic Systems in their Relation to Practical Problems by Jesse Hermann 1914

An Essay Concerning the Free Agency of Man by Nicholas Baylies 1820

Law and liberty in the manifestations of the human will by Daniel Dodge 1890

Freedom of the Will by William Taylor 1881

The Philosophy of Necessity by Charles Bray 1889

The Philosophy of Moral Necessity and Moral Freedom by John LaGrange 1854

An inquiry respecting the self-determining power of the will by J Day 1849

Freedom as Ethical Postulate by James Seth 1891

Free Will - The Greatest of the Seven World Riddles by Hubert Gruender 1911

Religion and free will by W Benett 1913

The Free-Will problem in modern thought by William Hallock Johnson PH.D 1903

Doctrine of the Will by Asa Mahan 1845

Power & Liberty by Leo Tolstoy 1888

The Why of the Will - the Unity of the Universe PW Van Peyma 1910

The Freedom of the Will by A Petrunkevitch 1905

Freedom and Authority in Religion by Edgar Y Mullins 1913

The Treatise of St. Bernard, abbat of Clairvaux, concerning grace and Free Will 1920

Some Dogmas of Religion by John McTaggart 1906

The Contingency of the Laws of Nature by Emile Boutroux 1920

The Great Instauration by Francis Bacon 1620

The Advancement of Learning by Francis Bacon

Preparative toward a Natural and Experimental History by Francis Bacon

The New Organon by Francis Bacon

The New Atlantis by Francis Bacon

Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and Seeking Truth in the Sciences by Rene Descartes 1899

Descartes His Life And Times by Elizabeth S. Haldane 1905

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke Volume 1

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke Volume 2

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke Volume 2 1801

Spinoza's Short Treatise on God, man & his Wellbeing 1910

Improvement of the understanding, Ethics and Correspondence by Baruch Spinoza 1901

Discourse on Metaphysics by Leibniz 1908

Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason Volume 1

Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason Volume 2

Kant's Critique of Practical Reason and Other Works on the Theory of Ethics 1898

The Metaphysics of Ethics by Kant 1898

An Enquiry concerning human understanding, and selections from A treatise of human nature by David Hume. With Hume's autobiography and a letter from Adam Smith 1912

An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals by David Hume 1900

The Philosophy of Atheism by Emma Goldman 1916

Emile by Jean Jacques Rousseau

The Science of Knowledge by Johann Gottlieb Fichte 1889

Hegel's Philosophy of Mind 1894

Hegel's Esthetics- A Critical Exposition 1885

The Methods of Ethics - Sidgwick 1884

The Ethics of Conformity and Subscription by Henry Sidgwick 1870

Selections from the Writings of Kierkegaard 1923

FEAR AND TREMBLING - Kierkegaard

For Self-Examination And Judge For Yourselves And Three Discourses 1851  Kierkegaard

Thus Spake Zarathustra: A Book for All and None
by Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche - 1896 - 470 pages

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The Case of Wagner: The Twilight of the Idols; Nietsche Contra Wagner
by Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Thomas Common - 1896 - 341 pages

The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche
by Henry Louis Mencken - 1908 - 311 pages

The Will to Freedom: Or, The Gospel of Nietzsche and the Gospel of Christ
by John Neville Figgis - 1917 - 310 pages

Nietzsche
by Paul Elmer More - 1912 - 80 pages

The Gospel of Superman: The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche
by Henri Lichtenberger, John McFarland Kennedy - 1912

On the Future of Our Educational Institutions: Homer and Classical Philology
by Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, John McFarland Kennedy - Education - 1909 - 160 pages

Nietzsche, His Life and Works
by Anthony Mario Ludovici - 1916 - 91 pages

The Gist of Nietzsche
by Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche - 1910 - 50 pages
 
Nietzsche and Other Exponents of Individualism
by Paul Carus 1914 - 161 pages

Egoists, a Book of Supermen: Stendahl, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Anatole France
by James Gibbon Huneker, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Henrik Ibsen- 1909 - 362 pages
Partly republished from various periodicals.

What Nietzsche Taught
by Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Willard Huntington Wright - 1915 - 323 pages

Prophets of Dissent: Essays on Maeterlinck, Strindberg, Nietzsche and Tolstoy
by Otto Heller - 1918 - 210 pages

THE NIETZSCHE-WAGNER CORRESPONDENCE
by ELIZABETH FOERSTER-NITETZSCHE - 1921

The birth of tragedy, or Hellenism and pessimism (1923) Nietzsche

On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense (text format)

The Books of Occult Philosophy by Henry Cornelius Agrippa 1898

Ilias: Cum prolegomenis et annotatione critica (Greek Text)
by Homer, Jan Leeuwen, Maurits Benjamin Mendes da Costa - 1907
 
Plato's Republic: The Greek Text (Volume 2)
by Plato, Benjamin Jowett, Lewis Campbell - Political science - 1894

The Theaetetus of Plato (Greek Text and English Notes)
by Plato, Lewis Campbell 1883

Tragic Drama in Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Shakespeare: An Essay
by Lewis Campbell - 1904

Sophocles
by Lewis Campbell 1879

Traces of Greek Philosophy and Roman Law in the New Testament
by Edward Hicks - 1896

Sophocles: The Plays and Fragments
by Sophocles, Lewis Campbell - 1871

Apology of Socrates and Crito: With Extracts from the Phaedo and Symposium
by Plato - 1908

Plato, with an English Translation
(Greek texts in this volume is based on Codex Clarkianus and Codex Venetus)
 By Plato, Harold North Fowler 1921

The Republic of Plato
by Plato, James Adam 1900

The Development of Greek Philosophy
by Robert Adamson 1908

The Works of Plato: A New and Literal Version, Volume 5
by Plato - Philosophy - 1859

Phædo: Or, The Immortality of the Soul
by Plato, Charles Stuart Stanford 1854

The Phaedrus of Plato
by Plato, William Hepworth Thompson 1868

Platonis Dialogi secundum Thrasylli tetralogias dispositi
by Plato, Karl Friedrich Hermann - 1877

Plato and Platonism: A Series of Lectures
by Walter Pater 1893

Socratic Discourses
by Plato, Xenophon - 1913

The Dialogues of Plato (Volume 2, 3, 4)
by Plato, Benjamin Jowett 1872

Select Dialogues of Plato: A New and Literal Version, Chiefly from the Text of Stallbaum 1877

The Trial and Death of Socrates: Being the Euthyphron, Apology, Crito and Phaedo
by Plato, Frederick John Church - 1887

Memorabilia of Socrates
by Xenophon, Rensselaer David Chanceford Robbins - 1863

Socrates and Christ: A Study in the Philosophy of Religion
by Robert Mark Wenley  1889

Xenophon's Memoirs of Socrates: With the Defence of Socrates, Before His Judges (translated from the original Greek) (first 372 pages)
by Xenophon, Sarah Fielding - 1762

The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle translated with critical notes by J.E.C. Welldon M.A. 1897

The Metaphysics of Aristotle - Literally Translated from the Greek with Notes, analysis, questions and index
by John Henry MacMahon 1896

The Politics of Aristotle with an Introduction, Two Prefatory Essays and Notes Critical and Explanatory Volume 4
by William Lambert Newman 1902

Aristotle: A Chapter from the History of Science, Including Analyses of Aristotle's Scientific Writings
by George Henry Lewes 1864

Aristotle on His Predecessors, Being the First Book of His Metaphysics (first 158 pages)
by A. E. Taylor 1910

The Politics and Economics of Aristotle
by Aristotle, John Gillies 1853

Aristotelis Organon graece 1844 (Theodorus Waitz)

The Organon, Or: Logical Treatises, of Aristotle

Christianity and Greek Philosophy by B.F. Cocker D.D.
1872

A Brief History of Greek Philosophy
by Benjamin Chapman Burt 1889

A Study of Greek Philosophy

Plus you get:

Over 50 Books Scanned from the Originals into PDF (Acrobat) format by and about Women Philosophers and Thinkers


Woman in Science by John Zahm 1913

A Serious Proposal to the Ladies for the Advancement of their True and Greatest Interest by Mary Astell 1697

The Case of Moderation and occasional communion represented by way of caution to the true sons of the Church of England by Mary Astell 1705

Moderation Truly Stated: A Review of a Late Pamphlet Entitul'd 'Moderation a Vertue' with a Prefatory Discourse to Dr D'Avenant Concerning His Late Essays on Peace and War by Mary Astell 1704

An Essay in Defence of the Female Sex by Mary Astell 1696

Letters Concerning the Love of God by Mary Astell 1705

Studies in General Science by Antoinette Brown Blackwell 1869

Margaret Fuller and Goethe 1910

My Path to Atheism by Annie Wood Besant 1885

Why I became a Theosophist by Annie Wood Besant

The Physical Basis of Immortality by Antoinette Brown Blackwell

The Sexes Throughout Nature by Antoinette Brown Blackwell 1875

The Philosophy of Individuality by Antoinette Brown Blackwell 1893

A Woman's Philosophy of Woman by Jenny d'Héricourt 1864

The Soul of Woman-  an Interpretation of the Philosophy of Feminism by Paul Smith 1916

The Learned Lady in England 1650-1760 by Myra Reynolds

The Works of George Eliot Volume 1 1910

The Works of George Eliot Volume 2 1910

The Works of George Eliot Volume 3 1910

The Works of George Eliot Volume 4 1910

The Works of George Eliot Volume 5 1910

The Social Significance of the Modern Drama by Emma Goldman 1914

Deportation, its Meaning and Menace by Emma Goldman 1919

The Philosophy of Atheism by Emma Goldman 1916

Anarchism and other essays by Emma Goldman 1917

(ANARCHISM - WHAT IT REALLY STANDS FOR, MINORITIES VERSUS MAJORITIES, THE PSYCHOLOGY OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE, PRISONS: A SOCIAL CRIME AND FAILURE, PATRIOTISM: A MENACE TO LIBERTY, FRANCISCO FERRER AND THE MODERN SCHOOL, THE HYPOCRISY OF PURITANISM, THE TRAFFIC IN WOMEN, WOMAN SUFFRAGE, THE TRAGEDY OF WOMAN'S EMANCIPATION)

World-Noted Women by Mary Clark 1858

The Accumulation of Capital by Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1919)

Observations on the Reflections of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke Concerning the French Revolution by Catherine Macaulay 1791

Household Education by Harriet Martineau 1849

Illustrations of Political Economy Vol 8 by Harriet Martineau 1834 (some pages hard to read)

Letters on the laws of man's nature and development by Harriet Martineau 1851

The Lessons of a Life by Harriet Martineau 1877

Freethinkers of the Nineteenth Century (mentions Harriet Martineau) 1920, by Janet Courtney

Views of Society and Manners in America by Frances Wright 1821

A Few Days in Athens by Frances Wright 1822

Significs and Language: the Articulate form of our Expressive and Interpretive Resources by Lady Victoria Welby 1911

What is Meaning by Lady Victoria Welby 1903

Grains of Sense by Lady Victoria Welby 1897

Links and Clues by Lady Victoria Welby 1881

The life and letters of St. Teresa Volume 2 by Henry James Coleridge 1887

The life and letters of St. Teresa Volume 3 by Henry James Coleridge 1887

Pragmatism and French voluntarism, with especial reference to the notion of truth in the development of French philosophy from Maine de Biran to Professor Bergson By L. Susan Stebbing 1914

The Influence of Literature Upon Society by Anne Louise Germaine de Staël 1835 (some of it hard to read)

The Constitution of Man, co-written by Anne Louise Germaine de Staël 1845

The Woman's Bible by Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Woman Church and State by Matilday Joslyn Gage 1893

Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft

Vindication of the Rights of Man by Mary Wollstonecraft

The Last Man, Volume 1, by Mary Wollstonecraft 1826

The Last Man, Volume 2, by Mary Wollstonecraft 1826

The Last Man, Volume 3, by Mary Wollstonecraft 1826

A Study of Mary Wollstonecraft and the Rights of Woman by Emma Rauschenbusch 1898

Lodore by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley 1835

Tales and Stories by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley 1891

An historical and moral view of the origin and progress of the French Revolution by Mary Shelley 1794

Unity of Good by Mary Baker Eddy 1908

Science and Health by Mary Baker Eddy

Fifty Books on the Cosmological, Teleological, Ontological Arguments for God, plus the Argument from Morality


The Ontological Argument is an a priori attempt to prove that God is a being of which no greater thing exists or can be thought of. Therefore, since we can conceive of God as the greatest of all things that exist, then God must exist.

The Idea of God, an inquiry concerning the practical content of the ontological proof of the existence of God by James Palmer 1904

Meditations of First Philosophy by Rene Descartes (Searchable PDF)
But now, if just because I can draw the idea of something from my thought, it follows that all which I know
clearly and distinctly as pertaining to this object does really belong to it, may I not derive from this an
argument demonstrating the existence of God? It is certain that I no less find the idea of God, that is to say,
the idea of a supremely perfect Being, in me, than that of any figure or number whatever it is; and I do not
know any less clearly and distinctly that an [actual and] eternal existence pertains to this nature than I know
that all that which I am able to demonstrate of some figure or number truly pertains to the nature of this figure
or number, and therefore, although all that I concluded in the preceding Meditations were found to be false,
the existence of God would pass with me as at least as certain as I have ever held the truths of mathematics
(which concern only numbers and figures) to be.

The Devotions of Saint Anselm 1903 (Searchable PDF)
Anselm was one of the first to propose the Ontological Argument

IN BEHALF OF THE FOOL - AN ANSWER TO THE ARGUMENT OF ANSELM IN THE PROSLOGIUM by Guanilo (Searchable PDF)
This is one of the earliest recorded objections to Anselm's argument was raised by one of Anselm's contemporaries, Gaunilo of Marmoutiers, who invited his readers to conceive of the greatest, or most perfect, island. As a matter of fact, it is likely that no such island actually exists. However, his argument would then say that we are not thinking of the greatest conceivable island, because the greatest conceivable island would exist, as well as having all those other desirable properties. Note that this is merely a direct application of Anselm's own premise that existence is a perfection. Since we can conceive of this greatest or most perfect conceivable island, it must exist.

The Critique of Pure Reason Volume 1 by Imanuel Kant (Searchable PDF)
The Critique of Pure Reason Volume 2 by Imanuel Kant (Searchable PDF)
Kant put forward a key refutation of the ontological argument in the Critique of Pure Reason.

Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion by David Hume (Searchable PDF)
Another objection to the argument.

Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas Volume 1 (Searchable PDF)
Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas Volume 2 (Searchable PDF)
Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas Volume 3 (Searchable PDF)
Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas Volume 4 (Searchable PDF)
St. Thomas Aquinas criticises the argument in his Summa.

New Essays Concerning Human Understanding 1896 by Leibniz (Searchable PDF)
Leibniz supported the argument in this huge book.

Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion Volume 1 by Hegel 1895
Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion Volume 2 by Hegel 1895
Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion Volume 3 by Hegel 1895
Hegel touches on and seems to support the argument, specifically volumes 2 and 3.

The Persistent Problems of Philosophy by Mary Calkins 1908 (Searchable PDF)


Cosmological argument - The basic premise of all of these is that something caused the Universe to exist, and this First Cause must be God.

Aristotle - Works (searchable PDF)
Organon I Categories
Organon II - On Interpretation
Organon III - Prior Analytics
Organon IV - Posterior Analytics
Organon V Topics
Organon VI - On Sophistical Refutations
Physics
On the Heavens
On Generation and Corruption
Meteorology
On the Soul
Parva Naturalis
History of Animals
On the Parts of Animals
On the Motion of Animals
On the Gait of Animals
On the Generation of Animals
Metaphysics
Nicomachean Ethics
Politics
Athenian Constitution
Rhetoric
Poetics

The Idea of God in the Light of Recent Philosophy by A. Seth Pattison 1917 (Searchable PDF)
(Deals with the Cosmological argument and others)

Christian Evidence Lectures 1880

Plato Against the Atheists (the Uncaused Cause)

Monadology and Other Philosophical Writings 1898 by Leibniz

Hodge's Systematic Theology Volume 1 1873
P. 207 Principle of Sufficient Cause. — Nature of Causation. — Intuitive Conviction of the Necessity of a Cause for every Effect. — The World is an Effect. — Hume's Objection to the Cosmological Argument

Systematic Theology by John Miley 1892 (Searchable PDF) p.76

Thirty Thousand Thoughts (Christian Evidences) 1885 by HDM Spence (Searchable PDF)

A System of Natural Theism by Leander Sylvester Keyser by 1917 (Searchable PDF)

A Treatise of Human Nature by David Hume (Searchable PDF)

The Kantian epistemology and theism by Caspar Wistar Hodge 1894 (Searchable PDF)

Basic Ideas in Religion by Richard Micou 1916


The Teleological Argument

A teleological argument, or argument from design, is an argument for the existence of God or a creator based on perceived evidence of order, purpose, design, or direction — or some combination of these — in nature.

On the Nature of the Gods by Cicero (one of the earliest known teleological arguments) 1878 (Searchable PDF)

The City of God by Augustine Volume 1 (Searchable PDF) 1913

The City of God by Augustine Volume 2 (Searchable PDF) 1913

Natural Theology by William Paley 1881 (Searchable PDF)

Selections from the literature of Theism by A. Caldecott 1904 (Searchable PDF)
I. The Ontological Argument: Anselm .
11. Some Points in Scholastic Theology From Thomas Aquinas .
III. The Existence of God : Descartes
IV. God as Infinite Substance : Spinoza
V. Mysticism : The Cambridge Platonists
VI. God as Eternal Mind : Berkeley .
VII. Religion in the Critical Philosophy Kant
VIII. Romanticism : Schleiermacher
IX. God seen in the Beautiful: Cousin
X. Religion as Sociology: Comte
XI. Agnosticism : Mansel
XII. The Personality of God : Lotze .
XIII. Ethical Theism : Martineau .
XIV. The Teleological Argument : Janet

Theism by Robert Flint 1876 (Searchable PDF)
THE THEISTIC EVIDENCE COMPLEX AND COMPREHENSIVE,INTUITION, FEELING, BELIEF, AND KNOWLEDGE IN RELIGION,
THE THEOLOGICAL INFERENCE FROM THE THEORY OF ENERGY,
THE HISTORY OF THE AETIOLOGICAL ARGUMENT,
MATHEMATICS AND THE DESIGN ARGUMENT, .
ASTRONOMY AND THE DESIGN ARGUMENT,
CHEMISTRY AND THE DESIGN ARGUMENT,
GEOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, ETC., AND THE DESIGN ARGUMENT

Problems of Philosophy or, Principles of Epistemology and Metaphysics by James Hyslop 1905 (Searchable PDF)
"The Teleological Argument. — Kant, as we know, estimated this more highly than any other argument. With his conception of the problem as discussed in the cosmological and "ontological" methods this judgment was correct enough. But I cannot help thinking that it is less important and cogent than the aetiological and ontological arguments as I have defined them."

Theologia or The doctrine of God by Revere Weidner 1902 (Searchable PDF)
THE SO-CALLED PROOFS OF THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
1. BELIEF IN THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
2. THE COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT
3. THE TELEOLOGICAL ARGUMENT
4. THE HISTORICAL ARGUMENT
5. THE ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT
6. THE MORAL ARGUMENT
7. THE RELIGIOUS ARGUMENT

Philosophy and Theology by James Stirling 1890 (Searchable PDF)

A critique of design-arguments by Lewis Hick 1883 (Searchable PDF)

The Challenge of the Universe, a Popular Restatement of the Argument from Design 1918 by Charles Shebbeare 1918 (Searchable PDF)

Argument from Morality
This argument comes in different forms, all aiming to demonstrate God’s existence from some observations about morality in the world.

God, the Soul, and a Future State by Thomas Cooper 1873

The Christian view of God and the World by James Orr 1893

The Moral Argument of Theism in the Harvard Theological Review 1911 (Searchable PDF)

Moral Values and the Idea of God 1919

Christian ethics; or, Moral philosophy on the principles of divine revelation by Ralph Wardlaw - 1834

Systematic Theology by A.H. Strong 1907

Methodist Quarterly Review, 1860 - The Moral Argument for Immortality

Plus you get:

The God of Philosophy by Francis Aveling 1906

Belief in God by Alfred Momerie 1886

The Philosophy of the Bible 1918 by David Neumark

Christianity and Greek Philosophy by B.F. Cocker D.D.
1872

The Philosophy of Atheism by Emma Goldman 1916

Hegel's Concept of God, article in the The Philosophical Review 1896

Pfleiderer on Morality and Religion, article in the The Philosophical Review 1896

Studies in Christian Philosophy by WR Matthews 1921

The Ethnic Trinities and their relations to the Christian Trinity By Levi Leonard Paine 1903

The Sentiments of Philo Concerning the LOGOS or Word of God by Jacob Bryant 1797

The Platonism of Philo by Thomas Billings 1920

The Philosophy of the Fourth Gospel, a Study of the LOGOS doctrine by JS Johnston 1909

The Philosophy of the Christian Religion by AM Fairbairn 1902

The LOGOS of Philo and that of ST. John, article in The Methodist Quarterly Review 1858

The influence of Plato on Saint BasiL by Theodore Leslie Shear 1906

Query on the Application of the Term "WORD" to Christ, article in The Methodist new connexion magazine and evangelical repository 1855

Religion - A Dialogue by Arthur Schopenhauer 1915

The Christian philosopher, or, The connection of science and Philosophy with Religion by Thomas Dick 1828

Voltaire and Rousseau against the Atheists by J Akerly 1845

The Will to Believe, and other Essays in Popular Philosophy by William James 1908

The God of Philosophy by Francis Aveling 1906

David Hume And His Influence On Philosophy And Theology by James Orr 1903

Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion by David Hume in pdf and Kindle format.

The Kantian and Lutheran Elements in Ritschl's Conception of God by Gregory Walcott 1904

The Conception of God - a Philosophical Discussion concerning the nature of the divine idea as a demonstrable reality by Josiah Royce 1897

Faith and Philosophy: Discourses and Essays by Henry Smith 1877

Messianic Philosophy - An Historical and Critical Examination of the evidence for the existence, death, resurrection, ascension, and divinity of Jesus Christ by Gideon Marsh 1908

What is Life? A Study of Vitalism and Neo-vitalism by Bertram Windle 1908

Religion within the Boundary of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant 1838

The Philosophy of the Bible, article in The Biblical repository and classical review 1848

Plato Against the Atheists by Taylor Lewis 1845

Plato and Paul, or Philosophy and Christianity by JW Mendenhall 1886

The Christian Platonists of Alexandria by Charles Bigg 1886

The Philosophy of Religion on the Basis of its History by Otto Pfleiderer Volume 1 1886

The Philosophy of Religion on the Basis of its History by Otto Pfleiderer Volume 2 1886

The Philosophy of Religion on the Basis of its History by Otto Pfleiderer Volume 3 1886

Foundations of Christian Belief - Studies in the Philosophy of Religion by F Strickland 1915

Christian Theism (Intellectual Pantheism/Spinoza) by Robert Thompson 1855

Essay on Religious Philosophy, Volume 1 by Emile Saisset 1863 (The Theism of Descartes, Pantheism of Spinoza, Skepticism of Kant etc)

Essay on Religious Philosophy, Volume 2 by Emile Saisset 1863

Seekers after soul by John Knott 1911 (Plato, Kant, Hegel)

Selections from the Literature of Theism 1904

Atheism and Pantheism by Charles Nairne 1848

Christian Science versus Pantheism by Mary Baker Eddy 1909

Pantheism - Its Story and Significance by J Allison Picton 1905

The Principles of Modern Atheistic and Pantheistic Philosophy by Rev. CA Row 1874

A Preacher's Interest in Nietzsche, article in The American journal of theology 1915

A Christian Reply to Nietzsche, article in Current Opinion 1908

Article About Nietsche in The Freethinker 1895 ("Nietzsche is, frankly anti-Christian. He says, in effect: Blessed are the arrogant, for they shall inherit the earth. Blessed are the strong, for theirs is the kingdom of man. Be strong, for to be weak is to be miserable.")

THE ANTICHRIST by Friedrich Nietzsche

Christian belief in God. A German criticism of German materialistic philosophy by Goerge Wobbermin 1918

The War Against the Worlds View of Christianity, article in the Metaphysical Magazine 1907

Protestant thought Before Kant by AC Mgiffert 1911

The Development of Theology in Germany since Kant by Otto Pfleiderer 1890

The Kantian Epistemology and Theism by C Wistar Hodge 1890

Paley's Natural Theology Volume 1, 1845

Paley's Natural Theology Volume 2, 1845

Paley's Natural Theology Volume 3, 1845

Paley's Natural Theology Volume 4, 1845

Natural Theology; or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity / by William Paley in Kindle Format

Pascal's Wager by Alfred Benn 1909

The Problem of Faith and Freedom in the Last Two Centuries by John Oman 1906 (has a section on Pascal's Wager)

Thoughts on Religion and Philosophy by Pascal 1901

Thoughts of Blaise Pascal 1846

Studies on Pascal by Alexander Vinet 1859

The Provincial Letters of Blaise Pascal 1860

The Thoughts, Letters, and Opuscules of Blaise Pascal 1887

Pascal, by Viscount St. Cyres 1909

Pensees by Blaise Pascal 1660

Pascal's Pensées or, Thoughts on religion 1900

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